中南地区典型地带性土壤的斥水性及其影响因素分析

选取我国中南地区不同发育程度典型旱作土壤为研究对象,通过测定土壤基本理化性质与滴水穿透时间(WDPT),探究了该区域土壤斥水性变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明,(1)自北向南,随着水热条件增加,土壤p H值逐渐降低,游离氧化物(Fed、Ald)逐渐增加,非晶质氧化物(Feo、Alo)没有明显的地带性变化;表层有机质量高于下层,而林地表层高于耕地表层;(2)供试土壤均为亲水性土壤,WDPT分布在0.47~4.00 s之间,自北向南土壤斥水性整体呈逐渐降低的趋势;(3)WDPT与p H值、CEC、粉粒量显著正相关(r0.54,p0.05),砂粒量、非晶质氧化铁(Feo)、游离氧化铁、铝(Fed、Ald)与WDPT呈负相关关系(r-0.56,p0.05)。逐步回归分析表明,Fed和Feo对土壤斥水性的影响最显著(R2=0.71,p0.01),可以用来评价和预测土壤斥水性。     

土壤中的氧化锰对酚类化合物的氧化降解作用

本文研究了砖红壤和红壤中的氧化锰对１０种有毒酚化合物的氧化降解作用及氧化锰与酚化合物之间的氧化还原动力学，结果表明，土壤中氧化锰对某些有毒酚化合物具有氧化降解作用，各种酚化合物氧化降解的难易与其本身性质和分子结构有关。土壤中的氧化锰的还原溶解和氢醌的卖化均符合一级反应动力学方程。介质ｐＨ的降低有利于反应的进行，两种土壤中的氧化锰不溶解反应对（Ｈ＾＋）的级数为０．１６，氢醌除与氧化锰发生氧化还原反应     

Distribution of iron oxides forms on a transect of calcareous soils,north-west of Iran

The iron oxides fractions of four major physiographic units obtained from a transect of calcareous materials were studied to assess the effects of key pedogenic processes and local hydrology conditions as well as physiographic units in controlling iron oxides forms in the north-west of Iran. Samples from different horizons belonging to six pedons were selected and analyzed for soil physicochemical properties, clay minerals, and Fe oxides forms (Fe_d, Fe_o, Fe_p). In general, the soils indicated some variation in the concentration of iron oxides that could be related to rate of weathering, pedogenic accumulations, geomorphologic conditions (as results of different in physiographic units), wet and dry cycle, and organic matter. A wide relative variation in mean values of Fe_d (6.4–9.9 g kg^?1), Fe_o (2.9–4 g kg^?1), and Fe_p (0.68–1.3 g kg^?1) was observed among physiographic units. On the plateau unit, the presence of the most stable geomorphologic conditions and high rate in situ weathering (reflected in clay content), coupled with minor deposition of sediment suggest that the soils have more dynamic conditions than other units, reflecting in the greatest amount Fe_d and the lowest Fe_o/Fe_d ratio. Fe_d content of the soils containing less clay content (15–25%) was significantly different from those with greater clay content (25–35%).     

紫色土可溶性有机碳的吸附-解吸特征

选择代表性的酸性、中性和石灰性紫色土为实验材料,采用平衡吸附和动力学吸附法研究了紫色土对可溶性有机碳(DOC)的吸附-解吸特征,分析了土壤理化性质与DOC吸附量之间的关系.结果表明,紫色土对DOC的吸附容量呈以下顺序:酸性紫色土＞中性紫色土＞石灰性紫色土.石灰性紫色土对DOC的解吸率明显高于酸性、中性紫色土,其迁移淋失问题值得重视.紫色土对DOC的吸附过程包括快速吸附和慢速吸附2个阶段,0～0.5 h内吸附速率最大,随后吸附速率逐渐减小,4～6 h内基本达到吸附平衡.土壤pH值、有机质、粘粒和活性铁铝氧化物含量是影响土壤DOC吸附量与解吸率的重要因素.通径分析表明,土壤理化性质对DOC吸附量的直接作用系数大小顺序为活性铝含量＞土壤pH值＞有机质,对DOC解吸率的直接作用系数大小顺序为活性铁含量＞粘粒＞有机质.多元线性回归模型能较好地预测土壤对DOC的吸附及解吸的变化.     

Soil Properties Influencing Iron Chlorosis in Grapevines Grown in the Montilla‐Moriles Area,Southern Spain

Abstract

Iron (Fe) chlorosis, an Fe deficiency commonly observed in grapevines cultivated on calcareous soils, generally inhibits plant growth and decreases yield. The objective of this research was to relate the incidence of Fe chlorosis in vines of the Montilla‐Moriles area, southern Spain, to indigenous soil properties. Thirty‐five grapevines (V. vinífera L. cv. Pedro Ximenez grafted on V. berlandieri×V. rupestris 110 Ritcher) showing different degree of Fe chlorosis were selected from 13 vineyards. The leaf chlorophyll concentration (estimated by the SPAD value measured with a Minolta meter) was positively correlated with the contents in different soil Fe forms but not with alkalinity‐related soil properties (pH, calcium carbonate equivalent, and active lime). The acid NH₄ oxalate‐extractable Fe (Fe_o) was the most useful simple variable to predict the occurrence of Fe chlorosis. A Fe_o/active lime ratio of 25×10^–4 was found to be useful to class soils into two groups according to the probability of inducing Fe chlorosis.     

杉木人工林土壤微团聚体中铁铝氧化物与微生物的分布及其关系

[目的]探究亚热带红壤区土壤微团聚体中铁铝氧化物与微生物的分布及其关系,为该区域土壤结构的改良提供理论依据.[方法]以亚热带红壤区典型林分杉木人工林为对象,研究不同粒级微团聚体胶结物中铁铝氧化物含量、结合态有机碳含量和微生物群落多样性在不同土层中的分布,并分析各形态铁铝氧化物含量与微生物群落多样性的关系.[结果]微团聚...     

铝同晶替代对铁(氢)氧化物表面活性的影响研究进展

铝同晶替代现象在铁(氢)氧化物中普遍存在，可改变铁(氢)氧化物的结构、表面特性和反应活性，影响土壤中元素的行为、形态和归趋。运用文献计量法分析了铝同晶替代铁(氢)氧化物的国内外研究现状，分别综述了铝同晶替代对铁(氢)氧化物晶体结构、表面电荷和界面过程的影响，从静电作用、比表面积、位点组成与密度、Fe/Al位点亲和性以及空位缺陷等方面阐明了铝同晶替代对铁(氢)氧化物表面活性和吸附行为的影响机制。在此基础上，提出了未来研究应着眼于构建铝替代量–结构–反应活性定量关系、深入探究铝同晶替代铁(氢)氧化物不同晶面上的界面机制，以及将研究对象与体系过渡到实际土壤等。