Effects of freshwater crayfish on influenza A virus persistence in water

Several investigations have recently assessed the ability of some aquatic invertebrates to act as tools for avian influenza A virus (IAV) surveillance as well as their potential role(s) in IAV ecology. Because of this, as well as the high IAV seroprevalence rates noted in select mesocarnivores that commonly inhabit aquatic and semi‐aquatic habitats, we evaluated the effects that freshwater crayfish have on IAV in water at three dose levels and monitored for the presence of IAV in crayfish tissues (gill and green gland) and haemolymph at multiple time points. At relatively high, medium and low (approximately 10⁴, 10³ and 10² EID₅₀/ml, respectively) doses, mesocosms containing crayfish (Orconectes sp.) had less detectable IAV RNA present when final water samples were assayed (9 days post‐contact [DPC]). In general, containers without crayfish present had nearly three‐fold greater quantities of viral RNA at 9 DPC. A varying number of RNA positive samples were detected for the three crayfish sample types collected. Gill tissue produced the largest number of positive non‐water samples (n = 26), with the highest quantities detected from crayfish sampled on 1 and 4 DPC (10^3.5 EID₅₀ equivalent/ml). On a few occasions, gill (n = 8) and haemolymph samples (n = 1) produced higher quantities of viral RNA than their respective water samples or water samples collected 1–2 DPC earlier, but these differences were typically minor. Based upon water samples, statistical models indicated that the interaction of dose and crayfish exposure days explained most of the variation in these data. Future efforts should address if crayfish exposed to IAV‐laden water have the capacity to successfully transmit IAVs to mammals and birds which frequently prey upon them.     

农用城市污泥二硝基甲苯在蕹菜-水稻土-渗漏水系统中的分布特征研究

在水稻土中施用城市污泥和化肥盆栽蕹菜，应用GC/MS技术对蕹菜植株、土壤和渗漏水中2,4-二硝基甲苯(2,4-DNT)和2,6-二硝基甲苯(2,6-DNT)进行分析。结果表明，各处理蕹菜植株中2,4-DNT和2,6-DNT在各处理植株中的含量分别为0.035～0.307 mg/kg和0.007～0.392 mg/kg；土壤中的含量分别为0.015～0.146 mg/kg和未检出～0.285 mg/kg；渗漏水中的含量分别低于0.10 mg/L和未检出。施肥（包括化肥、污泥、污泥＋化肥）可能导致蕹菜植株和土壤中2,6-DNT的累积，2,4-DNT的情况较复杂。施肥也可能导致水体2,4-二硝基甲苯污染。不同处理的土壤-植株-渗漏水系统中2,4-DNT和2,6-DNT的含量分布特征不同。化肥中2,4-DNT的生物有效性明显高于2,6-DNT，施用化肥提高了污泥中2,4-DNT的生物有效性，降低了2,6-DNT的生物有效性，使2,4-DNT更易被蕹菜吸收积累，2,6-DNT更趋于分布在土壤中。     

甲磺隆在人工水生生态系统中的环境行为

应用人工水生生态实验装置和放射性同位素示踪技术,并应用高效液相色谱仪,研究了14C-甲磺隆在模拟水生生态系中的迁移和分配。45d的追踪实验结果表明,甲磺隆主要留存于水体中,进入底泥中的量只占施药总量的28．56%。甲磺隆母体在水体中的残留变化符合下述方程:y＝74．912e-0．059x,R＝0．95,半衰期约为 12 d。4种水生生物对14C-甲磺隆的富集系数从高到低的顺序为:金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)＞紫背浮萍(Spirodela polyrhiza)＞石螺(Bellamya purificata)＞尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapianilotica)。金鱼藻和紫背浮萍对甲磺隆的积累随时间的延续而明显增加,在尼罗罗非鱼体内富集程度为内脏＞头部＞躯干,石螺外壳为表面吸附,而内脏对甲磺隆的富集25d达到平衡。     

中国淡水池塘养殖发展战略研究

淡水池塘养殖作为中国水产养殖的主要生产方式,其产业结构优化升级对于中国水产行业发展具有重要意义。本研究介绍了中国淡水池塘养殖现状和主要养殖品种,并详述了淡水池塘养殖在品种结构、养殖技术以及养殖方式等方面的变化,还概括了目前中国淡水池塘养殖的主要模式。从品种、饲料、病害、环境、养殖设备、水产品质量与安全以及养殖管理8个方面提出现阶段淡水池塘存在的主要问题,最后针对上述问题逐一提出相应发展建议,以期为中国现代化淡水池塘养殖的健康、高产、环保以及标准化发展提供思路。     

藻类对池塘水环境的影响及水生植物和鲢鳙对水体的净化

利用生态浮床植物和鲢鳙对池塘养殖污染水体净化效果进行了研究。结果表明:藻类代谢对地表水中DO和p H均产生影响。藻类光合作用增加水体中含氧量,吸收二氧化碳影响水中碳酸及碳酸盐浓度平衡,导致水中p H偏向碱性。水体溶解氧增加,促进硝化反应,避免氨氮和亚硝态氮的积累。生态浮床黄花鸢尾长势很好,它的生长有效控制了水体氮磷含量的进一步提高,对水体具有较强的去除氮磷能力。鲢鳙摄食浮游生物等天然饵料,实现了水体氮磷转移,42.67 kg渔获物,提取氮1 207.5 g,剔除水体中氮0.905 mg/L,提取磷88.4 g,剔除水体中磷0.066 mg/L,起到了净化水体作用。试验证明:浮游植物、水生植物和鲢鳙对调控水域生态环境有着十分重要的作用。     

气相色谱法测定南美白对虾中10种拟除虫菊酯残留方法的研究

建立了气相-电子捕获检测器（GC-ECD）同时测定南美白对虾(Penaeus Vannamei)中七氟菊酯等10种拟除虫菊酯类药物残留的检测方法。样品经正己烷-乙酸乙酯-丙酮有机溶剂提取后,先采用乙腈饱和的石油醚除脂,再通过Florisil层析柱净化,最后利用GC-ECD同时测定七氟菊酯等10种拟除虫菊酯类药物残留。实验结果表明：该方法在1 ng/mL～100 ng/mL浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数r≥0.999 51;在南美白对虾空白样本中加标浓度为2 μg/kg、10 μg/kg、20 μg/kg 3个水平下(七氟菊酯对应为1 μg/kg、5μg/kg、10 μg/kg)相应的回收率在78.0%～110.0%之间,日内精密度为4.0%～12.0%(n=6 ) ,日间精密度为2.3%～12.0%(n=3);按照10倍信噪比计算,七氟菊酯的检测限为1.0 μg/kg;联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氟胺氰菊酯、氯菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯的检测限为2.0 μg/kg。该方法快速、准确、可靠,适合于测定水产品中拟除虫菊酯类药物的残留。     

固相萃取-气相色谱串联质谱法测定水产品中扑草净的残留

通过对前处理提取溶剂、溶剂用量、固相萃取小柱等因素对回收率影响的比较研究和二级质谱检测参数的确定,建立了鳕鱼、草鱼、斑点叉尾、克氏螯虾和紫菜中扑草净残留量的固相萃取-气相色谱串联质谱测定法。样品中的扑草净残留由乙腈提取,经Envi-Carb串联LC-NH2固相萃取小柱净化后,通过TR-5MS毛细管色谱柱分离,采用电子轰击离子源选择反应监测模式进行质谱测定,以d14-扑草净作为内标物,内标法定量。结果表明,该方法在5~100μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r2=0.999,在扑草净加标水平为5.0、10.0、25.0μg/kg,内标量为10.0μg/kg的条件下,加标样品回收率为82.0%~111.2%,RSD为1.2%~6.0%(n=6),最低检测限为0.5μg/kg。方法满足残留检测的要求,适用于样品的定性确证与定量测定。     

~(134)Cs在水相生态系中的行为 Ⅰ.水生动物对~(134)Cs的吸收和~(134)Cs在青蛙体内的分布

~(134)Cs在水相生态系中以指数回归形式消长;水生动物对~(134)Cs的吸收可分为两个阶段,前期吸收较快,后期较慢。蝌蚪(Larva of Rana esculenta L.)对~(134)Cs的吸收速率最快,草鱼(Ctenoparyn-godon idellus)和鳝鱼(Fluta alba)居中,螺蛳(Bellamya purificata)和黄蚬(Corbicula sandaiR.)较慢;水生动物对~(134)Cs的富集系数(K)与时间(t)成简单的直线关系,富集系数的顺序为蝌蚪>螺蛳>黄蚬>草鱼>青蛙>鳝鱼;青蛙主要通过消化系统摄取水体中的~(134)Cs,经血液循环运输到各器官中。     

A Critical Review on Superchilling Preservation Technology in Aquatic Product

aquatic product, known as one of the good resources for white meat, has been widely accepted by the consumers due to its high protein, low fat, especially low cholesterol. With the fast development of living standards around the world, the consumer demands for high quality, nutrition, safety and freshness of ifshery food are increasing. Thus, high efifcient preservation technologies for aquatic products become particularly important. Superchilling is one of the controlled-temperature preservation technologies for seafood. Aquatic products can be kept in better quality under superchilling conditions. This review introduced the principle and development of superchilling process, mainly focusing on research progresses and technical dififculties of superchilling. The growth mechanism of ice crystals and the feasibility of application of computational lfuid dynamics in analyzing the temperatures variation and ice crystals during superchilling progress were also discussed, which will provide theoretical foundation for its improvement and application.     

Pollination of chasmogamous flowers and the effects of light and emergence time on chasmogamy and cleistogamy in Monochoria vaginalis

Monochoria vaginalis is one of the most serious weeds of rice fields in Asia. The species has both chasmogamous (CH) and cleistogamous (CL) flowers on individual plants. The objective of this study is to clarify the reproductive characteristics that affect the selfing rate of M. vaginalis. An emasculation experiment revealed that the CH flowers emasculated just after flower opening produced seeds. The seed production in the flowers emasculated just after flower opening was less than that of the flowers emasculated and hand‐pollinated with pollen from another plant. These results indicate that, although self‐pollination before anthesis occurs, cross‐pollination also can produce seeds. An experimental manipulation of light and the emergence time of the plants revealed that more than half of the flowers produced were CL flowers and the CH/CL ratio decreased with reduced light availability. The plants that emerged later produced as many CH flowers as those that emerged earlier. There was no significant difference between the CH and CL flowers in the seed number per fruit and the seed mass. These results suggest that M. vaginalis has reproductive characteristics that make the selfing rate high; however, outcrossing also can occur. Under favorable light intensity conditions, such as on the edges of paddy fields or in fallow fields, M. vaginalis will produce more CH flowers and will have a higher outcrossing rate than in shaded conditions.