甲磺隆在人工水生生态系统中的环境行为

应用人工水生生态实验装置和放射性同位素示踪技术,并应用高效液相色谱仪,研究了14C-甲磺隆在模拟水生生态系中的迁移和分配。45d的追踪实验结果表明,甲磺隆主要留存于水体中,进入底泥中的量只占施药总量的28．56%。甲磺隆母体在水体中的残留变化符合下述方程:y＝74．912e-0．059x,R＝0．95,半衰期约为 12 d。4种水生生物对14C-甲磺隆的富集系数从高到低的顺序为:金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)＞紫背浮萍(Spirodela polyrhiza)＞石螺(Bellamya purificata)＞尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapianilotica)。金鱼藻和紫背浮萍对甲磺隆的积累随时间的延续而明显增加,在尼罗罗非鱼体内富集程度为内脏＞头部＞躯干,石螺外壳为表面吸附,而内脏对甲磺隆的富集25d达到平衡。     

Variation of sweet potatoes with respect to source potentials and sink capacities

Summary By using four tester clones either as scions or stocks, source potentials and sink capacities of two groups of 13 and 20 sweet potato clones were measured in 1986 and 1987, respectively. Results obtained in the 1986 trial were generally consistent with those in the 1987 trial, though different clones were used in both trials. There were significant differences in source potentials and in sink capacities among tested clones. Responses of source to sink and of sink to source were also estimated using a regression method. No significant correlation was observed between source potential and response of source to sink. However, sink capacity showed significant relationship with response of sink to source.     

台海浅滩渔场不同水产品中重金属含量与暴露风险评价

为考察台海浅滩渔场水产品中重金属含量,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)和原子荧光光谱仪(AFS)分析了台湾浅滩渔场采集的59种[共165尾(只)]典型水产品样品中Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd与Pb 6种重金属的含量,并使用单因子污染指数(Pi)、重金属污染指数(MPI)、每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)以及食入健康风险指标(Ri总)分别评估其污染程度、食用安全性与健康风险。浓度结果表明,除Cd(超标率10.4%)外,绝大多数捕捞水产品中各项重金属含量均达到无公害水产品的国家标准(GB 18406.4—2001)。Pi结果表明:有17.9%的样品中Cr、1.8%的样品中Cu和3.7%的样品中Zn发生轻度污染;有0.6%的样品中Hg与1.9%样品中Pb达到或超过中度污染;Cd的污染程度最高,有5.6%的样品达到重度污染。MPI结果显示,底栖生物与以之为食的肉食性种类水产品污染指数较高,但总体上各种水产品XMPI依然处于较低的水平。PTWI结果显示,Hg、Cu、Zn与Pb均处于低风险或无风险的范畴,但有3.6%的样品中Cd超过推荐阈值,Cr安全性最差,有30.3%的样本超过了推荐阈值。健康风险模型结果显示,所有样品均未超过国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受水平(5×10~(-6)·a~(-1))。总体上看,当前台海浅滩渔场水产品尚未出现明显的污染安全问题,但Cd与Cr等元素的潜在风险值得进一步关注。     

~(134)Cs在水相生态系中的行为 Ⅰ.水生动物对~(134)Cs的吸收和~(134)Cs在青蛙体内的分布

~(134)Cs在水相生态系中以指数回归形式消长;水生动物对~(134)Cs的吸收可分为两个阶段,前期吸收较快,后期较慢。蝌蚪(Larva of Rana esculenta L.)对~(134)Cs的吸收速率最快,草鱼(Ctenoparyn-godon idellus)和鳝鱼(Fluta alba)居中,螺蛳(Bellamya purificata)和黄蚬(Corbicula sandaiR.)较慢;水生动物对~(134)Cs的富集系数(K)与时间(t)成简单的直线关系,富集系数的顺序为蝌蚪>螺蛳>黄蚬>草鱼>青蛙>鳝鱼;青蛙主要通过消化系统摄取水体中的~(134)Cs,经血液循环运输到各器官中。     

藻类对池塘水环境的影响及水生植物和鲢鳙对水体的净化

利用生态浮床植物和鲢鳙对池塘养殖污染水体净化效果进行了研究。结果表明:藻类代谢对地表水中DO和p H均产生影响。藻类光合作用增加水体中含氧量,吸收二氧化碳影响水中碳酸及碳酸盐浓度平衡,导致水中p H偏向碱性。水体溶解氧增加,促进硝化反应,避免氨氮和亚硝态氮的积累。生态浮床黄花鸢尾长势很好,它的生长有效控制了水体氮磷含量的进一步提高,对水体具有较强的去除氮磷能力。鲢鳙摄食浮游生物等天然饵料,实现了水体氮磷转移,42.67 kg渔获物,提取氮1 207.5 g,剔除水体中氮0.905 mg/L,提取磷88.4 g,剔除水体中磷0.066 mg/L,起到了净化水体作用。试验证明:浮游植物、水生植物和鲢鳙对调控水域生态环境有着十分重要的作用。     

水产品重金属富集规律与风险评估

水生生物具有较强的重金属富集能力,水产品重金属污染已成为社会关注的焦点。通过总结分析鱼、虾、贝、藻等水产品对不同重金属的富集能力、富集部位差异,介绍如何从污染源、毒性效应、暴露评估、风险描述、风险管理等方面进行水产品重金属风险评估,保障水产品质量安全,提高消费者对水产品消费的安全意识,促进水产业的良性发展。     

水蕹菜浮床在富营养化水体中的应用研究进展

综述水蕹菜浮床的生长特性、应用效果及其优化技术进展,初步探讨其在富营养化水体应用中存在的问题,并对其应用前景作出展望。     

水生动植物生态循环系统及试验

根据水生动植物生态学原理而设计一种闭式循环水养鱼系统。系统涉及植物、微生物组合净水技术和纳米功能材料调质、催化技术,创建动植物共生的水体自净环境,实现水产养殖代谢污染物的资源化处理。系统试养鲟鱼400尾(鱼池8 m3),成活率98.25%,1个月生物增量122%,配套生态蔬菜产量43 kg。文中就相关技术设计和试验研究作了分析讨论。     

Stable isotopes reveal the importance of terrestrially derived resources for the diet of the freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera)

1. The freshwater pearl mussel (FPM) is among the most endangered freshwater species worldwide. The few remaining populations suffer from low recruitment rates and are subject to habitat fragmentation, pollution, siltation, decline or loss of host fish populations, and climate change.
2. Successful conservation strategies for FPM require a holistic understanding of its ecological requirements, life history, population dynamics, and habitat prerequisites. Although habitat requirements are well described, food requirements at different life stages have received less attention.
3. Stable isotope analyses of FPM and potential food resources in three German streams were combined with mixing model analysis to quantify organic matter resources assimilated by juvenile (first year after encystment from host fish) and semi-adult (10 years old, immature) individuals.
4. There were only slight differences in dietary contributions between the two life stages, and terrestrial particulate organic matter and benthic organic matter contributed substantially to the diet. Tissue type was more important in explaining variation in dietary contributions than individual variation for semi-adult FPM. The strong reliance on terrestrial resources sheds new light on the functional role of unionid mussels and the connection of streams to their riparian area.
5. The dependence of FPM on terrestrial resources also emphasizes the need for a stronger focus on the restoration and protection of intact riparian areas, including wetlands with their specific vegetation, when planning conservation and management strategies for threatened FPM populations.

     

Restoration of a small‐scale forest wetland in a Belgian nature reserve: a discussion of factors determining wetland vegetation establishment

• 1. The main aim of this restoration attempt within a nature reserve was to recreate sustainable conditions for wetland species, particularly aquatic plants.
• 2. In the process of restoration, two phases of activity were distinguished: a pre‐restoration phase, during which information on land‐use history and past vegetation was collected and used to establish clear restoration goals; and a restoration phase for stimulating germination and establishment of target species originating from the soil seed bank and species pool.
• 3. Within the first year of the study, pond digging allowed the establishment of extremely rare native species that react positively to mudflat creation and standing water availability. The results of this experiment indicate that pond digging can be a very suitable technique for re‐establishing aquatic and wetland vegetation, providing that the site is well chosen.
• 4. An essential prerequisite for successful restoration is a study of the past vegetation of the target site and its surroundings. This work illustrates the importance of past vegetation in affecting current restoration success and provides an example of how restoration projects benefit from knowledge and understanding of both historical and present conditions.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.