中美贸易摩擦对广东省输美水产品贸易的影响及对策研究

【目的】通过分析中美贸易摩擦对广东省输美水产品贸易的影响,提出相关对策与建议以缓和中美贸易摩擦带来的负面影响,促进广东省水产品企业转型升级。【方法】结合统计数据及半结构式实地调研情况,运用TC指数方法,分析广东省输美水产品贸易现状,从宏观到微观深入探讨中美贸易摩擦背景下广东省输美水产品市场所受到的影响,并从企业、行业和政府层面提出对策与建议。【结果】2018年中美贸易摩擦发生后,广东省水产品出口贸易面临更大的不确定性,宏观上导致水产品竞争力下降,贸易顺差转为逆差,水产品出口美国受阻,内销比例增大,部分出口美国的水产品转向东盟和澳大利亚市场;微观上对水产品上中下游各环节造成负面影响,非美和国内市场有所拓宽,加工量减少,养殖计划不明确。【结论】广东省水产品企业应兼顾国内外市场,激发消费潜力;带领养殖户转变养殖模式,提高抗风险能力;加大科研力度,从根本上提升核心竞争力。行业协会应发挥带头作用,共同防范风险。建议政府出台相关扶持政策,携手企业以更从容的姿态应对中美贸易摩擦。     

浮性水产饲料膨化加工参数优化研究

为优化浮性水产饲料挤压膨化加工参数,以膨化度、容积密度、吸水性和溶失率作为饲料加工品质评价指标,采用响应面分析法研究了螺杆转速、出料段机筒温度和物料含水率对饲料加工品质的影响,并利用扫面电镜观测了饲料微观形貌。结果表明：适中的螺杆转速、出料段机筒温度以及低物料含水率,有利于形成较高的饲料膨化度;高螺杆转速与高出料段机筒温度有利于形成较低的饲料容积密度、吸水性以及溶失率;优化后的浮性水产饲料膨化加工参数为螺杆转速130 r·min^-1,出料段机筒温度150 ℃,物料含水率10%,其加工后的饲料膨化度、容积密度、吸水性和溶失率分别为1.223、0.398 g·mL^-1、214.803%、4.297%;优化后的浮性水产饲料微观表面相对光滑圆润,物料的熔融效果较好,结构质密,饲料膨化加工综合质量较好。     

水生植物对不同氮磷水平养殖尾水的综合净化能力比较

为了筛选适用于不同氮磷浓度畜禽养殖尾水的生态浮岛优势物种,选取水芹、凤眼莲、鸢尾、再力花、黄菖蒲5种挺水植物和狐尾藻、伊乐藻、金鱼藻3种沉水植物,通过模拟实验考察了这8种植物在不同氮磷浓度条件下的生长特征及其对水中氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）、总磷（TP）、COD的去除效率,并对其进行曲线回归及主成分分析,综合评价不同水生植物对畜禽养殖废水中氮磷的净化功能。结果表明：凤眼莲、再力花在较低氮磷水平（NH₄⁺-N 80~120 mg·L^-1,TP 8~16 mg·L^-1）下的去除能力明显高于其他水生植物;水芹和黄菖蒲在较高氮磷水平（NH₄⁺-N 180~220 mg·L^-1,TP 30~35 mg·L^-1）下的去除效果较好,并具有良好的适应能力;沉水植物中狐尾藻净化效果较好,生物量增长显著（P<0.05）;凤眼莲在实验过程中虽净化能力良好,但易引发次生环境问题,应谨慎选择,因地制宜。     

酶联免疫法快速检测水产品中硝基呋喃类代谢物、氯霉素及氟苯尼考

应用特异性强的间接酶联免疫法,同时检测4种硝基呋喃类代谢物、氯霉素(CAP)和氟苯尼考(FF),建立快速分析水产品中6种药物残留量的方法.样品用盐酸进行消化,再由乙酸乙酯提取,使用酶联免疫试剂盒进行检测.实验结果显示,6种分析物均在其线性范围内,线性系数均大于0.995.在加标浓度为0.1、0.5和1.5μg/kg的加...     

Considering the preferences for nitrogen forms by invasive plants: a case study from a hydroponic culture experiment

Although preference for NH₄⁺, NO₃^? or a combination of the two often differs among species, we know little about the responses of invasive plants to different inorganic N forms. Furthermore, many studies have suggested that an increase in N availability may facilitate further invasions. However, most of these studies predicted the positive feedback without considering the preference for N forms of invasive plants. Therefore, we cultivated four common invasive species (Mikania micrantha, Ipomoea cairica, Wedelia trilobata and Bidens pilosa) in South China with hydroponic media containing different forms of N (i.e. NO₃^?, NH₄NO₃ and NH₄⁺) at equimolar concentrations. Our results showed that the N forms significantly affected the growth, biomass allocation and physiological traits of the plants. All four invasive plants supplied with NO₃^? alone had better performance and greater allocation to root biomass than did plants that were supplied with NH₄⁺ alone. Moreover, the photosynthetic rate, pigment content and photosystem II activity of plants supplied with NO₃^? or NH₄NO₃ were significantly higher than those of plants supplied with NH₄⁺alone. The results suggested that all four invasive plants preferred NO₃^? rather than NH₄⁺, and changes in NO₃^? played an important role in furthering the invasions of these plants than did changes in NH₄⁺. Our results implied that decreasing NO₃^? may be a useful tool for controlling and managing invasive plants preferring NO₃^?. In addition, this study highlighted the importance of considering plant N form preference to better understand plant invasions.     

中国国家级水产种质资源保护区建设及其发展趋势分析

分析国家级水产种质资源保护区的建设现状、地理分布格局和发展趋势,为水产种质资源的保护管理提供依据。分析指标为水产种质资源保护区的建设数量、建设规模、空间分布格局、聚集程度。研究表明,我国已建国家级水产种质资源保护区492个,初步构建了包括各类湿地和水域的保护区网络;不同类型国家级水产种质资源保护区建设数量差异较大,且面积普遍偏小;河流和淡水湖泊类型保护区的数量占总数的83.14%,以鱼类及栖息地保护为重点,缺少对两栖动物、爬行动物和水生植物等的保护;保护区聚集度指数为0.72,呈高度聚集分布格局,集中分布在湘北-鄂东南-皖赣边界、苏南-浙北和川东等地。保护区快速建设期接近尾声,未来应加强其规范化建设和管理,优化保护区网络。     

水产生物基因组研究进展与趋势

本文综述了水产生物基因组研究相关技术的发展历程和关键技术的应用。以二代测序技术的出现为分界点,首先回顾了早期水产养殖生物在遗传学和分子生物学方面的研究结果,以及为开展全基因组测序所做的相关基础研究,然后重点介绍了二代测序技术应用于水产生物全基因组测序和经济性状遗传基础解析的研究进展,最后展望了水产生物基因组研究发展趋势。水产生物经济性状遗传机制高度复杂,从全基因组角度阐明其遗传机制仍有很多难题,但基因决定性状是生物学法则之一,探索这一过程的奥秘引人入胜。     

城市静态小水体生态修复措施与生态服务价值评估研究

城市静态小水体污染是城市环境污染的重要问题之一。针对城市静态小水体的特点,依据稳态转换理论和生物操纵理论,形成适应于城市静态小水体的生态修复措施,并运用于武汉市青山区倒口湖水生态修复工程。工程实施后湖水水质得到明显改善,其中,水体透明度由0.2~0.4m提高至1.0~1.5m,溶解氧浓度由1.82~2.35mg/L上升至5.21~6.28mg/L,CODMn浓度由14.96~16.3mg/L降低至3.56~5.01mg/L,TN浓度由2.61~2.99mg/L降至1.27~1.6mg/L,TP浓度由0.43~0.62mg/L降至0.06~0.12mg/L。进一步对倒口湖水生态系统的供给、调节、文化以及支持4方面的服务价值进行评估,通过对水生态系统服务价值评价指标计算得出,工程实施前后水生态系统服务价值分别为299.34万元和645.62万元,新增服务价值346.28万元。在增量价值中固碳释氧、净化水质指标占比最大,表明在水生系统动植物的协同作用下,倒口湖的水质条件得到明显改善。     

光照强度对沉水植物生长和光合作用影响的研究进展

沉水植物作为重要的初级生产者,在水生生态系统中有着非常重要的作用。沉水植物的生长和分布受到诸多环境因子的影响,其中水下光照强度、水温和矿质元素等是重要的因子。本文综述了光照强度对沉水植物生长和光合作用影响的研究进展,总结了沉水植物对弱光在形态和生理上的适应机制,并对目前研究中存在的问题和今后的研究方向进行了展望,以期为进一步开展沉水植物生理生态学研究及受损生物群落的恢复提供科学参考。     

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) grazing on duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza)

The aims of this experiment were (1) toquantify the ability of grass carp to processduckweed and (2) to assess indirect changes inwater chemistry and phytoplankton community,caused by grass carp feeding. Yearling grass carp sized 126 ± 7.7 mm (TL) and19.6 g in weight were kept in 9 laminate tanksof 1 m³ for 14 days. Two stockingdensities (2 and 6 fish per m³) anda control without fish were used. Standard growthrate (SGR) of grass carp fed exclusively onduckweed was 0.70% body weight (BW) d^–1and food conversion ratio (FCR) reached 2.0(average water temperature =21.1 ± 3.8 °C). Daily food intakewas 0.2 g of duckweed dry weight (DW), i.e.,1% of average BW of grass carp. SGR ofduckweed growing in 20 × 20 cm floatingenclosures, differed significantly[F(6,2) = 417.9; p = 0.002] between the twostocking densities of grass carp and thecontrol tanks (without fish). Mean SGR ofduckweed was 0.02 g g^–1 day^–1 and thehighest SGR was recorded in the control tanks.Both decrease in NH₄-N and increase inNO₂-N concentrations differedsignificantly between the treatments[F(2,2) = 45.3; p = 0.02 and F(2,2) = 19.2; p = 0.04 respectively]. Changes in other nitrogenand phosphorus components (NO₃-N, TN, TPand PO₄-P) caused by stocking of grasscarp were not significant. Biomass ofphytoplankton, dominated by filamentous algaeand blue-greens, increased proportionately tostocking density of grass carp. Althoughduckweed has a large potential for nutrientremoval, the most common pathway for thenutrients released through grass carp grazingif duckweed cover is loose is theirincorporation into phytoplankton biomass.