湖南省退耕还林工程成效分析

自2000年退耕还林工程在湖南省实施以来,取得了有目共睹的成绩,被农民誉为“民心工程”和“德政工程”。通过分析退耕还林工程在湖南取得的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益,提出了保障“三大效益”的政策措施。     

农药使用与无公害农产品生产

农药的使用是无公害农产品生产的重要环节.正确认识农药的毒性特点及农药残留,了解无公害农产品生产对农药使用的要求,做到科学合理,是无公害农产品生产健康稳定发展的保证,也是必须解决的问题.     

Food animals as reservoirs and potential sources of multidrug-resistant diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes: Focus on intensive pig farming in South Africa

BackgroundDiarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) strains are a major cause of diarrheal diseases in both developed and developing countries. Healthy asymptomatic animals may be reservoirs of zoonotic DEC, which may enter the food chain via the weak points in hygiene practices.AimWe investigated the prevalence of DEC along the pig production continuum from farm-to-fork.MethodsA total of 417 samples were collected from specific points along the pig production system, that is, farm, transport, abattoir and food. E. coli was isolated and enumerated using Colilert. Ten isolates from each Quanti-tray were selected randomly and phenotypically identified using eosin methylene blue agar selective media. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to confirm the species and to classify them into the various diarrheagenic pathotypes. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined against a panel of 20 antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and EUCAST guideline.ResultsThe final sample size consisted of 1044 isolates, of which 45.40% (474/1044) were DEC and 73% (762/1044) were multidrug-resistant. Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) was the most predominant DEC at all the sampling sites.ConclusionThe presence of DEC in food animal production environments and food of animal origin could serve as reservoirs for transmitting these bacteria to humans, especially in occupationally exposed workers and via food. Adherence to good hygienic practices along the pig production continuum is essential for mitigating the risk of transmission and infection, and ensuring food safety.     

Ridge-furrow plastic mulching with a suitable planting density enhances rainwater productivity,grain yield and economic benefit of rainfed maize

Soil surface mulching and planting density regulation are widely used for effective utilization of limited rainwater resources and improvement of crop productivity in dryland farming.However,the combined effects of mulching type and planting density on maize growth and yield have been seldom studied,especially in different hydrological years.A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of mulching type and planting density on the soil temperature,growth,grain yield(GY),water use efficiency(WUE)and economic benefit of rainfed maize in the drylands of northern China during 2015-2017.Precipitation fluctuated over the three years.There were four mulching types(NM,flat cultivation with non-mulching;SM,flat cultivation with straw mulching;RP,plastic-mulched ridge plus bare furrow;RPFS,plastic-mulched ridge plus straw-mulched furrow)and three planting densities(LD,low planting density,45.0×10^3 plants/hm^2;MD,medium planting density,67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2;HD,high planting density,90.0×10^3 plants/hm^2).Results showed that soil temperature was higher with RP and lower with SM compared with NM,but no significant difference was found between RPFS and NM.More soil water was retained by soil mulching at the early growth stage,but it significantly varied at the middle and late growth stages.Maize growth was significantly improved by soil mulching.With increasing planting density,stem diameter,net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content tended to decline,whereas a single-peak trend in biomass yield was observed.Mulching type and planting density did not have significant effect on evapotranspiration(ET),but GY and WUE were significantly affected.There were significant interacting effects of mulching type and planting density on biomass yield,GY,ET and WUE.Compared with NM,RPFS,RP and SM increased GY by 57.5%,50.8%and 18.9%,and increased WUE by 66.6%,54.3%and 18.1%,respectively.At MD,GY increased by 41.4%and 25.2%,and WUE increased by 38.6%and 22.4%compared with those of at LD and HD.The highest maize GY(7023.2 kg/hm^2)was observed under MD+RPFS,but the value(6699.1 kg/hm^2)was insignificant under MD+RP.Similar trends were observed for WUE under MD+RP and MD+RPFS,but no significant difference was observed between these two combinations.In terms of economic benefit,net income under MD+RP was the highest with a 9.8%increase compared with that of under MD+RPFS.Therefore,we concluded that RP cultivation pattern with a suitable planting density(67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2)is promising for rainwater resources utilization and maize production in the drylands of northern China.     

Mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils by precision management

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions make up a significant part of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. There is an urgent need to identify new approaches to the mitigation of these emissions with emerging technology. In this short review four approaches to precision managements of agricultural systems are described based on examples of work being undertaken in the UK and New Zealand. They offer the opportunity for N₂O mitigation without any reduction in productivity. These approaches depend upon new sensor technology, modeling and spatial information with which to make management decisions and interventions that can both improve agricultural productivity and environmental protection.     

耕作方式对豫西旱地麦-豆轮作田土壤理化特性和酶活性的影响

为探明耕作方式对豫西旱地麦-豆轮作田不同土层土壤理化特性和土壤酶活性的影响,设置免耕(NT)、旋耕(RT)和翻耕(PT)3种耕作方式,分析了定位试验9 a(2009—2019年)后小麦收获期的土壤容重、孔隙度和有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,以及土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、转化酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,并运用相关分析和通径分析研究了土壤理化性质与土壤酶活性的关系。结果表明：不同耕作方式对土壤理化特性和酶活性具有显著的调控作用,其调控效应与其作业深度相关。RT较PT有利于降低0～15 cm土层但增加15～35 cm土层容重,NT较RT和PT显著降低了0～5、15～35、35～60 cm土层的土壤容重,土壤孔隙度变化规律与容重相反。各处理间土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷含量以及土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、转化酶和碱性磷酸酶活性在0～5 cm土层和15～35 cm土层规律一致,0～5 cm土层均以NT最优,分别较最低值处理(PT)显著提高16.7%、53.2%、15.9%、23.6%、18.0%、34.7%和29.0%;15～35 cm土层均以PT最优,分别较最低值处理(NT)显著提高18.3%、23.4%、53.4%、...     

未来气温和降水变化对山西冬小麦产量的影响

【目的】冬小麦是山西省重要的粮食作物,气候变化对冬小麦产量影响显著。利用模型模拟评估气候变化对山西省冬小麦产量的影响,为山西省冬小麦种植规划提供重要科学依据。【方法】利用山西省 2017—2018 年气象资料和 2018 年县级冬小麦产量数据,采用 DNDC 区域模拟方法,对山西省冬小麦种植区单产进行模拟和验证;模拟未来 8 种气候变化情景（温度上升 1、2℃,降水减少 20%、10% 以及温度和降水耦合）对冬小麦产量产生的影响。【结果】DNDC 模型可以较好模拟出山西省冬小麦产量整体水平（4 335.6 kg/hm2）,总体平均误差为 4.63%,空间上的模拟误差主要由于山西省地形和气候差异导致。【结论】未来气候变化背景下,不同程度的增温对产量的影响不一,在温度平均升高 1℃情况下,山西省冬小麦单产下降 4.60%,而气温上升 2℃情景下,单产增加 16.44%;降水减少 10% 和 20% 情景下,产量均降低,说明水分依然是制约冬小麦产量的重要因子;但在增温和降水减少的耦合作用下产量增加 7.41%~15.84%。未来还需根据山西省种植特点,从轮作角度评估气候变化对农业的影响。     

山西省襄垣县有机旱作农业发展研究

襄垣县是山西省有机旱作试点县,根据其自然条件,通过总结该县有机旱作发展现状、制约因素及潜力分析,提出适宜的对策措施,为今后有机旱农业的发展提供一定的参考。     

基于用户参与的科研院所机构知识库建设模式研究

文章以用户参与为理论基础,以融入科研管理为实践目标,创新性地提出一种适合科研院所的机构知识库建设模式,并以江苏省农业科学院为例进行了实证研究,该模式兼具传统机构知识库功能,又能体现科研机构特色、解决科研机构成果管理问题.在此基础上,还分析明确了适用于科研院所成果管理和共享的数据审核流程、元数据标准规范、功能模块、系统架构、管理运行机制等.     

论有机农业目标体系的整体性

本文从农业生产中人与人之间的关系、人与自然的关系,以及人与自身的关系角度,对农业效益的目标体系进行了全新的诠释,同时,建立起农业中不同利益主体目标的关联.有机农业通过政府粮食安全目标、生产者生计安全目标和消费者食品安全目标的有机整合,最大限度地实现农业经济效益、生态效益和社会效益相互间的均衡,是农业可持续发展的必然选择.