稻鸭共作复合系统的生态环境效应研究

[目的]为稻鸭共作的实践应用提供理论依据。[方法]通过小区试验研究,分析稻鸭共作条件下,稻田土壤、水体理化性状、稻鸭共作对稻田常发性及危害严重的病虫草的发生情况以及对稻田天敌蜘蛛的影响和稻田生态系统的价值流动。[结果]结果表明,稻鸭共作较明显地改善了表层土壤的理化性状,与对照处理相比,表层土壤容重降低5.30%,土壤总孔隙度提高2.52%,土壤有机质增加6.41%;水体总氮、氧化还原电位、化学需氧量分别比对照增加了9.31%、27.51%、16.46%。稻鸭共作对稻田有害生物也有较明显的控制效应,对稻飞虱和稻纵卷叶螟的防效分别为65.49%和39.27%,对条纹叶枯病、稻田杂草的防效比常规稻作分别高0.62和22.2个百分点。稻鸭共作经济效益比常规稻作高3492元/hm2。[结论]稻鸭共作有利于水稻的生长发育。     

山西太谷单作枣园昆虫种类的组成

对山西省太谷县单作枣树园中的昆虫进行了调查研究(包括实地采集和现有文献的统计),结果表明:未除草的枣园的昆虫共有12目、72科、163属、178种,除草的枣园的昆虫共有12目、50科、79属、88种。未除草的枣园的昆虫科、属、种的数量明显比除草的枣园的昆虫科、属、种的数量多。此外,两种不同类型的枣园优势目从各目的科、属、种的数量来排列次序是不同的,但昆虫单属、寡属和单种、寡种都是占绝对优势比例。     

信息化学物质与昆虫的产卵行为

信息化学物质普遍存在于动植物体内和体外，特别是在昆虫中这种物质得到了充分的发展，对许多种间和社会性活动起着重要作用。因为刚孵化出的幼虫活动性较差，必须依靠成虫为其选择的植物以进食。信息化学物质在昆虫的产卵行为中起更为关键的作用。因此，本文对与昆虫生活有重要作用的信息化学物质进行了简单的慨述，并对信息化学物质所引发的昆虫的产卵行为进行了评述。     

江西省姬蜂昆虫资源

报道膜翅目姬蜂科昆虫种类共计127种,隶属于16亚科74属,其中江西一个新记录种,每种列出了各种类在江西省的采集地及寄主。     

Gamma radiation susceptibility of strains of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) resistant and susceptible to fenvalerate

Gamma radiation susceptibility of adults of the fenvalerateresistant strain of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) was studied under laboratory conditions. Selection for resistance to fenvalerate in adult beetles was carried out up to the sixth generation. In each generation of selection, adults of the fenvalerateresistant strain were evaluated for susceptibility to gamma radiation and compared with their fenvalerate-susceptible counterparts. Susceptibility to 60Co gamma radiation was evaluated on the basis of dosage-mortality (LD) and time-mortality (LT) responses. We found the LD values 50 50 50 for the fenvalerate-resistant and-susceptible strains to be 89.16 and 97.46 Gy respectively, showing no significant difference in susceptibility to gamma radiation. LT values were 7.58 and 17.20 days for the 50 fenvalerate-resistant and-susceptible strains respectively, showing that mortality in the resistant strain occurred markedly earlier than in the susceptible strain.     

Patterns of species change in anthropogenically disturbed forests of Madagascar

Five main conclusions arise from this review of the responses of species to anthropogenic disturbance in Madagascar: First, species’ reactions to anthropogenic disturbance are generally negative, but remain poorly known. Our knowledge is patchy among and within higher taxonomic groups; we are still largely gathering case studies. Second, taxonomic groups vary considerably in which proximate factors are most important. Third, several groups show differing responses within different ecoregions. Whether these differences are consistent across groups requires further testing. Fourth, related species often have divergent reactions to disturbance, even within lower taxonomic groupings (families or genera). Thus, we cannot rely on phylogenetic relatedness or even ecological similarity to infer similarity in responses. Finally, disturbance typically reduces species diversity (especially of native and/or endemic species), but also causes species turnover, typically with forest specialists replaced by grassland generalists, and endemics replaced by non-endemics (including invasives). Given these knowledge gaps, we stress the urgency of applied studies that assess species’ ecology, behaviour and health across disturbance gradients, including purely anthropogenic landscapes. Remaining natural vegetation and protected areas will be unable to preserve Madagascar’s biodiversity under the impact of climatic change; we must understand responses of plants and animals to disturbance in order to create buffer zones and corridors combining secondary, degraded and natural habitats.     

昆虫对农药抗性的研究进展

随着化学农药在农林业生产过程中的广泛应用,害虫对农药的抗性不断增强。因此,昆虫对农药的抗性机制已成为当前重要的研究课题之一。现代分子生物学技术的运用使有关抗性机制的研究呈现多层次、多方位的研究特点。综述了近年来有关昆虫抗药性几种机制的研究进展,如代谢抗性机制、靶标抗性机制等,以期为昆虫的抗性研究提供参考。     

昆虫生态学的研究进展

从昆虫分子生态学、昆虫化学生态学、昆虫行为生态学、昆虫信息生态学以及昆虫种群生态学这五个方面对近年来的研究情况进行综述,以期为昆虫生态学的发展、害虫的综合治理提供研究方向。     

昆虫在杂草生物防除中的应用

 在杂草的生物防除中,研究和应用得最早且证明效果最好的措施是利用昆虫防除杂草。迄今为止,全世界已有50多种昆虫成功地用于杂草的生物防除。本文着重介绍了利用昆虫防除仙人掌、豚草、紫茎泽兰、空心莲子草、马樱丹、黑点叶金丝桃等恶性杂草的情况,同时对其他杂草如南美槐叶萍、列当、凤眼兰、破木布和千里光等,也作了一般介绍。并指出了以虫除草的优缺点及要注意的问题。     

自然条件下昆虫染螨类群的初步调查

通过对我国13个省(区、市)自然条件下昆虫染螨情况的野外调查,结果表明,染螨昆虫有13目、50科。并报道了部分昆虫染螨率、染螨部位及其主要螨类类群(蜱螨亚纲3目、16科),还讨论了寄生螨对寄主及其体位的选择偏好性等现象。