Contribution of lignin and polysaccharides to the refractory carbon pool in C-depleted arable soils

We assessed the contribution of polysaccharides and lignin, major components of plant residues, to the refractory pool of soil organic carbon (SOC) in arable soils. Soil samples from two contrasting treatment types of European long-term agroecosystem experiments, i.e. conventionally managed (fertilized) and C-depleted plots, enriched in refractory compounds, were compared. Bulk samples from eight experimental sites and particle-size fractions of two of the sites were investigated. The CuO oxidation technique was used as a relative measure of lignin and its degree of structural alteration. The contents and composition of polysaccharides were determined following hydrolysis with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). For the bulk samples, the amount of lignin phenols declined more than the total OC in the course of C-depletion. The contribution of lignin phenols to total OC was thus lower in the C-depleted versus the fertilized plots. A greater lignin biodegradation was found in the bulk samples of the depleted plots compared with the fertilized plots. The analysis of size fractions revealed lower OC-normalized contents of lignin phenols and a higher degree of lignin alteration in fractions <63 μm of the depleted versus the fertilized plots. These findings indicate that lignin does not accumulate within the refractory C pool of arable soils. The refractory SOC pool shows a lower contribution of lignin as compared with more labile fractions of SOC. If lignin-derived carbon is present in the stable pool it has been extensively modified so that it can no longer be identified as phenolic CuO oxidation products. OC-normalized contents of polysaccharides (neutral sugars and galacturonic acid) were similar in bulk samples of the C-depleted and fertilized plots. The contrasting treatments showed similar polysaccharide contents especially in separates <6 μm. The separates <6 μm in the C-depleted plots retained between 50 and 100% of the polysaccharide amounts in the fertilized plots. The mass ratio of (galactose+mannose)-to-(arabinose+xylose) (GM/AX) was higher in bulk samples of the C-depleted versus the fertilized plots, indicating a higher relative contribution of microbial sugars. Within a particular soil, the fine separates were those with the highest GM/AX ratio. These results indicate that the refractory C pool has a similar proportion of polysaccharides as the labile C pool, but refractory polysaccharides are mainly associated with fine separates and show a dominant contribution of microbial sugars. Our results provide evidence that polysaccharides, mainly those of microbial origin, are stabilized over the long-term within fine separates of arable soils. In contrast, CuO lignin is associated mainly with the coarse fractions and does not contribute to the refractory C pool.     

Microbial immobilization of ammonium and nitrate in relation to ammonification and nitrification rates in organic and conventional cropping systems

Agricultural systems that receive high or low organic matter (OM) inputs would be expected to differ in soil nitrogen (N) transformation rates and fates of ammonium (NH₄⁺) and nitrate (NO₃⁻). To compare NH₄⁺ availability, competition between nitrifiers and heterotrophic microorganisms for NH₄⁺, and microbial NO₃⁻ assimilation in an organic vs. a conventional irrigated cropping system in the California Central Valley, chemical and biological soil assays, ¹⁵N isotope pool dilution and ¹⁵N tracer techniques were used. Potentially mineralizable N (PMN) and hot minus cold KCl-extracted NH₄⁺ as indicators of soil N supplying capacity were measured five times during the tomato growing season. At mid-season, rates of gross ammonification and gross nitrification after rewetting dry soil were measured in microcosms. Microbial immobilization of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ was estimated based on the uptake of ¹⁵N and gross consumption rates. Gross ammonification, PMN, and hot minus cold KCl-extracted NH₄⁺ were approximately twice as high in the organically than the conventionally managed soil. Net estimated microbial NO₃⁻ assimilation rates were between 32 and 35% of gross nitrification rates in the conventional and between 37 and 46% in the organic system. In both soils, microbes assimilated more NO₃⁻ than NH₄⁺. Heterotrophic microbes assimilated less NH₄⁺ than NO₃⁻ probably because NH₄⁺ concentrations were low and competition by nitrifiers was apparently strong. The high OM input organic system released NH₄⁺ in a gradual manner and, compared to the low OM input conventional system, supported a more active microbial biomass with greater N demand that was met mainly by NO₃⁻ immobilization.     

氮添加和刈割对内蒙古典型草原植被碳氮库的影响

外源氮输入和割草是影响草地植被碳、氮库的两个重要因素,外源氮能否补充因割草带走的养分使得植被和土壤碳、氮库保持平衡尚不明确。为了解刈割和氮输入对植被碳、氮库的影响,本研究在内蒙古典型草原设置刈割和5水平氮添加交互试验。结果表明：刈割显著降低了植物生物量和碳、氮库(P < 0.05),氮添加可促进刈割后的生长补偿;氮添加显著提高了植物生物量及碳、氮库(P < 0.05),同时改变了地上、地下部分生物量和碳、氮库的分配;不同水平的氮添加影响植被碳、氮库,当氮添加水平为10 g·m^-2·a^-1时,植被碳、氮库最高。以上结果表明,刈割与10 g· m^-2·a^-1氮输入相结合可支持内蒙古典型草原的可持续利用。     

不同香型烤烟中各无机元素含量的差异

为了解不同香型烤烟中各无机元素的含量差异,对2011年139个来自我国14个省份不同品种烤烟样品的各无机元素进行了检测,并对检测数据进行了描述统计、方差分析和多重比较分析,结果表明:清香型和浓香型烤烟样品中大部分无机元素指标含量比中间香型烤烟样品的变化幅度要大一些;在大部分无机元素中,省份和品种之间相互作用对它们的影响较大;其中省份效应在钾、锌中影响较大;在各无机元素中,锰、铜、锌的3个指标中3种香型之间存在显著性差异(P0.05)。其中中间香型在铜、锌2个指标上含量显著较高。     

施用生物炭后塿土土壤有机碳、氮及碳库管理指数的变化

通过2年4季的田间小区试验,研究了添加0~80 t·hm~(-2)果树枝条生物炭后,土壤总有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)、p H、土壤活性有机碳(AOC)、土壤中活性有机碳(MAOC)、土壤高活性有机碳(HAOC)、土壤水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、碳库管理指数(CPMI)的变化及各指标之间的相关性。结果表明:在第四季作物收获后,随生物炭施用量的增加,TOC增加59.80%~180.52%、TN增加13.22%~20.92%、p H增加0.76%~1.28%;HAOC和CPMI均在生物炭用量为60 t·hm~(-2)时达到最大,分别较对照增加70.36%和52.43%;AOC前两季在生物炭用量为40 t·hm~(-2)时达到最大,后两季在生物炭用量为60 t·hm~(-2)时达到最大,而整个试验期内各施炭处理分别比对照增加18.46%~73.42%;WSOC在前三季随生物炭用量的增加而降低,且各施炭处理分别比对照低8.00%~42.77%。相关性分析表明,除MAOC外,上述各指标均与生物炭用量呈显著相关关系(P0.05)。研究认为,施用生物炭能提高土壤总有机碳、全氮含量和土壤碳库管理指数,有利于改善土壤质量,提高土壤肥力,为农田土壤可持续利用和生物炭作为土壤改良剂的应用提供科学依据和参考价值。     

离子色谱法同时测定水中7种阴离子的研究

[目的]为了检测水中F-、Cl-、NO-2、Br-、NO-3、PO3-4、SO2-4,建立了一种快速、灵敏的采用离子色谱同时测定水中7种阴离子的方法。[方法]以4.5×10-3mol/L Na2CO3+8.0×10-4mol/L Na HCO3为淋洗液,流速为1 ml/min。[结果]在系列浓度范围内,7种阴离子峰面积与浓度之间具有良好的线性关系(r2≥0.997 9),加标回收率为82.39%~109.19%。[结论]采用该方法,在25 min内7种阴离子能够完全分离。该方法具有准确、快速、重复性好的特点。     

不同林分类型对鄂尔多斯市圪秋沟流域土壤碳库及稳定性的影响

[目的] 探明不同林分类型对圪秋沟流域土壤碳库与土壤碳稳定性的影响,为探讨土壤固碳机理、优化圪秋沟流域土壤管理及人工林选育措施,实现圪秋沟流域土壤固碳减排和肥力提升提供理论依据。[方法] 于2013—2021年在内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市圪秋沟流域以8 a生的樟子松林、山桃林、油松林、杨树柠条混交林、油松侧柏混交林和沙棘山杏混交林及CK处理共7个样地为研究对象,测定不同林分类型在不同土层深度的土壤总有机碳(TOC)、惰性有机碳(ROC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量以及土壤碳储量,研究其对土壤碳库的影响效果,探讨不同林分类型与土壤碳稳定性间的相互关系。[结果] 与CK处理相比,0—20 cm和20—40 cm土层土壤总有机碳、惰性有机碳、易氧化有机碳和微生物量碳含量以及土壤碳储量,增加了9.46%～51.24%,1.76%～44.89%,16.48%～44.26%和9.03%～64.84%以及10.61%～55.52%。[结论] 不同林分类型人工林的种植均能提高0—20 cm和20—40 cm土层土壤TOC,ROC,EOC和MBC含量以及土壤碳储量;土壤TOC,EOC,MBC含量和土壤碳储量整体上随着土层深度的增加而降低,ROC含量随着土层增加而增加;0—20 cm和20—40 cm土层各林分类型土壤碳库指数与CK处理相比均增加,樟子松林、山桃林、沙棘山杏混交林更有利于圪秋沟流域土壤“碳封存”。     

基于统计资料的桑园碳汇估算模型的构建——以四川省为例

针对当前桑园基础资料相对缺乏而限制了桑园碳汇评估的客观现实,本研究以统计资料较为完整的蚕茧产量数据为基础,在假设四川地区所有桑园都采用片叶育进行养蚕的前提下,提出了基于统计资料的桑园碳汇估算模型（mulberry garden carbon sequestration estimation model,MCSD,以下简称：本研究模型）。本研究以森林生态系统碳储量计量指南的灌木模型（shrub model of the forest ecosystem carbon storage measurement guide,SMFC,以下简称：对照模型）为对照,对比了两者在计量2000—2018年四川省桑园桑树碳汇贡献的差异。结果发现：（1）本研究模型估算出四川桑园桑树年均碳密度为10.13 t/hm²,折算出四川桑园2018年碳储量为142.39万t。（2）桑叶和桑枝作为桑园碳汇的主要来源,其碳汇量分别占桑园总碳汇量的44.44%和26.65%。（3）以2000年为基准,本研究模型估算出2000—2018年间四川桑园的碳储量累积达1636.25万t。（4）到2018年,桑叶和桑枝的累积碳汇贡献分别占比60.94%和36.55%。（5）而对照模型的计算结果比本研究模型低了10.73%,且未考虑桑叶收获年和收获量的问题,不能全面地反映桑园的累积碳汇贡献。桑园碳汇评估是实现中国“碳达峰”和“碳中和”目标不可或缺的一个重要内容,本研究结果对于未来标准化评估中国不同地域不同利用方式下桑园生态系统碳汇效应提供了参考。     

干湿交替条件下稻田土壤氧气和水分变化规律研究

在水稻高产栽培技术中,为合理利用水资源,改良土壤通气性,干湿交替灌溉技术已广泛应用。干湿交替灌溉技术的核心是协调土壤水分与氧气之间的平衡。本研究采用大田试验,在水稻生育后期进行干湿交替处理,同步监测稻田5 cm土层土壤氧气、水分及温度的变化,以探讨稻田土壤氧气和水分运移变化规律及其互作关系,为进一步揭示干湿交替灌溉技术的内在生理机制奠定基础。研究结果表明,干湿交替条件下,稻田土壤含水量处于饱和状态时,基本监测不到土壤含氧量;而稻田土壤在慢慢变干的过程中,5 cm土层土壤体积水分含量逐渐降低,土壤氧气含量逐渐升高。在花后19 d、24 d、29 d,当5 cm土层土壤体积含水量分别下降为25.4%、25.1%、24.7%时,土壤含氧量则分别上升到17.5%、17.4%、17.4%。在水稻生育后期不同阶段,土壤氧气含量的日变化呈现先降低再升高的趋势,谷值一般出现在14:00—15:00之间;土壤含水量随时间呈波动式逐渐降低的变化趋势;土壤温度呈现先升高后降低的趋势,峰值一般出现在15:00—16:00之间。从上午8:00到下午17:59,当土壤温度升至峰值时,土壤水分含量较低,而土壤含氧量开始升高。水稻开花期、灌浆期和成熟期的土壤氧气含量与土壤含水量均表现出极显著负相关关系,土壤温度与土壤水分间呈显著负相关关系,而土壤氧气与土壤温度之间无显著相关关系。说明干湿交替条件下,水稻生育后期稻田土壤中的水分和氧气含量存在一定的此消彼长的关系。因此,通过适度的干湿交替管理措施,可在一定程度上调节水稻根系周围的土壤水分和氧气的平衡。