田间施用硝化抑制剂DMPP对小青菜贮藏过程中硝酸盐与Vc含量的影响

采用田间施药方法,研究了施用硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(3,4-dimethylpyrazolephosphate,DMPP)对冰箱贮藏条件下小青菜可食部分硝酸盐、维生素C(Vc)含量变化的影响。结果表明,在贮藏过程中,施与不施DMPP2种处理小青菜硝酸盐含量呈现先降低后略有升高的趋势,Vc含量呈降低的趋势;DMPP在贮藏前期能够有效地降低硝酸盐含量,延缓Vc含量的降低。贮藏2d后,DMPP处理小青菜硝酸盐、Vc含量分别降低了74.4和9mg·kg-1,而对照处理分别降低了54.4和50mg·kg-1,处理间硝酸盐、Vc降幅差异均达5%显著水平。贮藏2～4d中,DMPP处理硝酸盐、Vc含量分别降低了20.1和91mg·kg-1,而对照处理分别降低了144.7和84mg·kg-1,处理间硝酸盐含量降幅差异达5%显著水平。贮藏4～6d中,对照处理硝酸盐含量升高了60.6mg·kg-1,DMPP处理升高了76.2mg·kg-1,Vc含量分别降低23和117mg·kg-1,且处理间降幅差异达5%显著水平。蔬菜贮藏时间不要过长,以不超过4d为宜。     

DMPP mitigates N2O and NO productions by inhibiting ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in an intensified vegetable field under different temperature and moisture regimes

Vegetable soils with high nitrogen input are major sources of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO), and incorporation of the nitrification inhibitor 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) into soils has been documented to effectively reduce emissions. However, the efficiency of DMPP in terms of soil N₂O and NO mitigations varies greatly depending on soil temperature and moisture levels. Thus, further evaluations of DMPP efficiency in diverse environments are required to encourage widespread application. A laboratory incubation study (28 d) was established to investigate the interactive effects of DMPP, temperature (15, 25, and 35 ℃), and soil moisture (55% and 80% of water-holding capacity (WHC)) on net nitrification rate, N₂O and NO productions, and gene abundances of nitrifiers and denitrifiers in an intensive vegetable soil. Results showed that incubating soil with 1% DMPP led to partial inhibition of the net nitrification rate and N₂O and NO productions, and the reduction percentage of N₂O production was higher than that of NO production (69.3% vs. 38.2%) regardless of temperature and soil moisture conditions. The increased temperatures promoted the net nitrification rate but decreased soil N₂O and NO productions. Soil moisture influenced NO production more than N₂O production, decreasing with the increased moisture level (80%). The inhibitory effect of DMPP on cumulative N₂O and NO productions decreased with increased temperatures at 55% WHC. Conversely, the inhibitory effect of DMPP on cumulative N₂O production increased with increased temperatures at 80% WHC. Based on the correlation analyses and automatic linear modeling, the mitigation of both N₂O and NO productions from the soil induced by DMPP was attributed to the decreases in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) amoA gene abundance and NO^-₂-N concentration. Overall, our study indicated that DMPP reduced both N₂O and NO productions by regulating the associated AOB amoA gene abundance and NO^-₂-N concentration. These findings improve our insights regarding the implications of DMPP for N₂O and NO mitigations in vegetable soils under various climate scenarios.     

沙漠颗粒物对磷酸盐的吸附行为研究

研究了乌兰布和沙漠和库布齐沙漠颗粒物中的磷含量及其在黄河水体中对磷酸盐（P）的等温吸附行为。结果表明：（1）不同沙漠颗粒物中无机磷（IP）、有机磷（OP）和总磷（TP）含量有所差别,其平均值分别为257.70μg/g、42.65μg/g和312.39μg/g;（2）沙漠颗粒物对磷的吸附行为既受温度影响,也随颗粒物的种类...     

HACH速测法与国标法测定对虾养殖水体氮磷含量的比较

为探讨HACH速测法检测对虾养殖水体氮磷含量的可行性,应用HACH速测法和国标法(GB 17378.4-2007)检测对虾池塘水体NH_3-N、NO_2~--N和PO_4~(3-)含量,分析两种方法测定结果及其相互关系;并研究了对虾养殖池塘水样直接过滤测定、过滤低温冻存和低温冻存过滤三种处理方法对NH_3-N、NO_2~--N和PO_4~(3-)检测结果的影响。结果显示,HACH速测法检测NH_3-N、NO_2~--N和PO_4~(3-)的标准曲线线性良好,检测结果与国标法检测结果差异显著(P0.05),但两者之间有显著的线性关系,线性方程分别为Y(NH_3~-N)=0.891X(NH_3~-N)-0.006;Y(NO_2--N)=1.657X(NO_2~--N)+0.004;Y(PO_4~(3-))=0.901X(PO_4~(3-))-0.018(Y为国标法检测值,X为HACH速测法检测值);HACH速测法检测养殖水体的结果利用建立的函数方程进行换算,获得的计算值与国标法检测值无显著性差异;经三种方法处理后的对虾池塘水体NH_3~-N、NO_2~--N检测值之间无显著差异,但经冻存处理两组水样的PO_4~(3-)含量显著低于直接过滤检测组PO_4~(3-)含量,冻存处理组之间PO_4~(3-)含量无明显差异。结果表明,HACH速测法可用于检测养殖水体NH_3-N、NO_2~--N和PO_4~(3-)含量,但检测结果需要经函数转化;为保证水样检测结果的准确性,待检水样需要采取合适的保存方式或者立即进行测定。     

高羊茅蔗糖合成能力在低温锻炼下的部位差异

高羊茅植株经过10d低温锻炼(4/2℃,昼/夜),体内各部位的蔗糖含量急剧上升,上升幅度依次为茎基>叶片>根系;茎基的蔗糖合酶(SS)和磷酸蔗糖合酶(SPS)的活性皆成倍提高,而叶片仅表现为SPS活性提高;茎基占植株总干重的比值持续加大;茎基是高羊茅在逆境中维持生存的重要器官,高SS活性使其保持较高的卸载和吸纳蔗糖的能力,同时高SPS活性使其保持较高的蔗糖含量,从而提高茎基对低温的抵抗能力。     

Einfluss eisenhaltiger Klärschlämme auf Kenngrößen der P‐Verfügbarkeit in Ackerböden

Influence of iron content in sewage sludges on parameters of phosphate availability in arable soils The use of iron salts for the P elimination in sewage plants is widely used. But it is not clear whether the P availability in arable soils is negatively influenced by iron compounds or not. The aim of the investigations was, therefore, to study the influence of two sewage sludges with a high and a low Fe content respectively on P sorption and phosphate concentration (P_i) in the soil solution after application of CaHPO₄ or sewage sludge to 5 loamy and 4 sandy soils (pot experiments and 1 silty loam (field experiment)). Soils were analyzed 1, 6, and 13 months after P application. Sludge Gö contained 12 kg P and 65 kg Fe (t DM)^—1 (P : Fe = 1 : 5.4) and sludge Sh 25 kg P and 39 kg Fe (t DM)^—1 (P : Fe = 1 : 1.5). The basic P application was 60 kg P ha^—1 (= 30 mg P (kg soil)^—1 in the pot experiment, as sludge or as CaHPO₄). P uptake by maize was determined in a separate pot experiment with a loamy soil and the same P application rate. The P sorption capacity remained similar in all soils after application of sludge Sh (P : Fe = 1:1.5) compared with soils without sludge, however, after application of sludge Gö the P sorption increased by 16% (0—59%). After application of sludge Sh the mean P_i concentration increased in loamy soils by 34% and in sandy soils by 15%. On the other hand the P_i concentration decreased after applying sludge Gö by 13% and 36% as compared to the controls of the respective soils. In the field experiment the P_i concentration of plots with a high P level (50 mg lactate soluble P (kg soil)^—1) was also significantly decreased after application of 10 t sludge Gö (126 kg P ha^—1) in comparison with triple phosphate. One month after the application of increasing amounts of sludge Gö (5, 10, 15 t DM ha^—1) both the concentration of oxalate‐soluble Fe in the soil and the P sorption were increased. The elevated relationship between these two parameters was highly significant (r² = 0.6 — 0.97). Plant uptake of P was less after application of sludge Gö than after application of sludge Sh and much less than P uptake from CaHPO₄. Sewage sludges with a P : Fe ratio of 1 : 5 should not be recommended for agricultural use, as the P availability is significantly reduced. Iron salts should not be used for conditioning of sludges.     

甘蓝型油菜种子无机磷含量变异的初步分析

以微量比色法对100个甘蓝型油菜品种的种子无机磷含量进行初步检测，发现不同甘蓝型油菜品种之间种子无机磷含量存在一定差异。大部分品种的成熟种子中无机磷含量为0.2-0.4μg/g，有2个品种的无机磷含量达到0.7μg/g,1个品种超过1.1μg/g。     

种植密度与底磷肥用量对绿豆产量的影响

通过２因子４水平复因子试验与统计分析，研究了绿豆种植密度和底磷肥施用量对绿豆产量的影响。结果表明，绿豆种植密度和底磷肥施用量，是决定绿豆产量的主要因素。明确了绿豆的最佳种植密度和底磷肥施用量。     

生物炭对红壤茶园溶磷细菌数量数量及和土壤磷形态转化有效磷含量的影响

为检测施用生物炭对酸性红壤土壤磷转化和土壤溶磷细菌数量的影响,用茶园土进了8周的接种溶磷细菌的微缩土壤培养实验,设置了0%、1%、3%（重量比）3种添加生物炭处理。结果表明：接种后土壤溶磷细菌数量迅速下降,而施用生物炭显著增加了茶园溶磷细菌的数量,为不施用生物炭的对照处理的10.5~15.25倍。此外,添加生物炭显著提高了土壤pH值、土壤有效磷(Bray-P)含量与土壤碱性磷酸酶活性。相关性分析结果表明：红壤茶园土壤溶磷细菌数量与土壤有机碳、总氮、总磷、有效磷、pH值、碱性磷酸酶活性之间均呈显著正相关关系,与土壤酸性磷酸酶活性呈负相关关系。总之,与对照处理相比较,添加生物炭可以增加红壤茶园土壤溶磷细菌的数量,并对土壤磷素起到活化作用。 关键词：生物炭;溶磷细菌;土壤有效磷;土壤碱性磷酸酶;红壤茶园     

中国农牧交错带燕麦土壤有效磷丰缺指标与适宜施磷量初步研究

为了给中国农牧交错带燕麦施肥提供科学依据,采用土壤有效养分含量与缺素处理相对产量回归方程法、土壤有效养分丰缺分级改良方案和“养分平衡—地力差减法”确定适宜施肥量新应用公式,开展了中国农牧交错带燕麦土壤有效磷丰缺指标与适宜施磷量研究。结果表明,中国农牧交错带燕麦土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)第1～8级丰缺指标依次为≥45、27～45、16～27、9～16、5.5～9、3.5～5.5、2.0～3.5和＜2.0 mg/kg。当磷肥当季利用率20%、目标产量1.5～6.0 t/hm₂时,土壤有效磷丰缺级别第1～8级的适宜施磷量范围依次为0～0、8～30、15～60、23～90、30～120、38～150、45～180和53～210 kg/hm₂。