Comparison of 5′-inosine monophosphate and p-nitrophenyl phosphate degrading activities among red,pink, and white muscle fibers of cultured carp

ABSTRACT:   As part of a study to clarify the differences in the temporal change in K -value among fish species, the temporal change in K -value and the 5'-inosine monophosphate (5'-IMP) and p-nitrophenol phosphate (p-NPP) degrading activities in the red, pink, and white muscle fibers in the dorsal muscle of the carp were compared. The temporal change in K -value was fastest in red, followed by pink, and white muscle fibers, at both 0°C and 32°C. Moreover, the 5'-IMP and p-NPP degrading activities were highest in red, followed by pink, and white muscle fibers at near optimum pH concentrations. The 5'-IMP degrading activity at pH 7.0 had a positive correlation with the increasing rate of K -value at 32°C for all types of muscle fibers. These results suggest that differences in increasing rates of K -values between red, pink, and white muscle fibers corresponded to the 5'-IMP degrading activities.     

甘蔗SPS基因家族成员表达与糖分积累关系解析

以甘蔗高糖品种福农95-1702和低糖品种ROC-5为材料,分析SPS I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ在高、低糖这两个品种的幼叶、第三功能叶和不同蔗茎的表达,测定甘蔗糖分积累早期、中期和后期的糖分含量。结果显示,在功能叶和茎第二节中,三个阶段SPS家族成员在高糖品种的含量整体趋势高于低糖品种,结合蔗糖积累特点分析表明其可能在蔗糖合成中扮演着重要的角色。与正三叶相反,在幼叶中,三个阶段SPS家族成员在高糖品种的表达量整体趋势低于低糖品种,表明其可能与嫩叶的生长等其他生理性状相关,在成熟茎中,随着蔗糖积累时间的增加,高糖品种中的优势表达基因减少,而低糖品种中的优势表达基因增加,这可能与低糖品种中、后期大量积累蔗糖相关。     

不同有机无机肥配施对烤烟产量和品质的影响

[目的]为了研究有机无机肥配施对烟株生长及烟叶产量、品质的影响.[方法]以烤烟K326为材料,以不同有机无机肥配施为研究因素,采用随机区组设计开展研究.[结果]在施纯氮相同的基础上,施用有机肥占总施肥量25％～50％、施用无机肥占总施肥量50％～75％时有利于烤烟烟株的生长发育,且烟叶产量、产值较高,外观质量也较好.[结论]该研究可以为烤烟的施肥技术提供理论依据.     

富钾土壤中氮、磷肥不同水平对甘薯生长及产量的影响

试验研究了氮肥、磷肥不同水平对甘薯生长发育动态、产量的影响。结果表明,在氮肥试验中,氮水平为75 kg/hm2处理的薯块鲜质量和茎叶鲜质量都达到最大,鲜薯产量达51 519.25 kg/hm2,单株结薯数达5.0个,商品薯率为89.43%,平均单株薯质量为1084.71g;氮水平小于等于75 kg/hm2处理的薯块鲜质量和茎叶鲜质量均随着施氮水平的提高而提高;氮水平大于等于75 kg/hm2处理薯块鲜质量和茎叶鲜质量随着施氮水平的升高急剧下降。在磷肥试验中,磷用量为135 kg/hm2时,鲜薯产量最大,为46 802.35 kg/hm2,单株结薯数为4.65个,商品薯率为91.0%,平均单株薯质量为978.0 g;磷水平低于135 kg/hm2时,随着磷用量的提高产量逐渐增大,磷水平高于135 kg/hm2时,随着磷用量的提高产量降低。合理施肥是甘薯增产增收栽培的有效措施。     

Bioavailability of ascorbyl phosphate calcium in hybrid catfish,Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther) × Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) feed

A 10-week feeding experiment was performed in hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther) × C. gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) with initial average weight of 1.17 g, in glass aquaria of 200-L capacity. The experiment comprised seven treatments with three replicates each. Ascorbyl phosphate calcium (APCa) was included at 30, 75, 150, 300 and 1000 mg kg⁻¹ feed and compared with one with ascorbyl polyphosphate (APP) at 36 mg kg⁻¹ feed and one without vitamin C supplementation. Fish fed APCa-supplemented feed showed better growth, feed conversion ratio, survival rate and protein utilization compared with those without such supplementation. Ascorbate concentrations in liver and head kidneys were correlated closely with dietary APCa levels. Vertebral collagen and hydroxyproline contents were significantly lower in the fish group without ascorbate supplementation. Red blood cell and white blood cell counts showed no correlation with vitamin C supplementation. Serum protein level was lowest in the group fed feed without vitamin C supplementation and this was lower than those fed feed with APCa and APP supplementation. The fish fed APCa- and APP-supplemented feed showed no difference in serum protein levels. External scorbutic symptoms and histopathological changes of gill tissue were noted in fish fed feed without APCa supplementation. The study indicates that 12.6 mg kg⁻¹ of ascorbic acid molar equivalent supplied as APCa (30 mg kg⁻¹) provided maximum growth and no gross signs as well as histological changes resulting from vitamin C deficiency.     

Short-term competition between crop plants and soil microbes for inorganic N fertilizer

Agricultural systems that receive high amounts of inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer in the form of either ammonium (NH₄⁺), nitrate (NO₃⁻) or a combination thereof are expected to differ in soil N transformation rates and fates of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻. Using ¹⁵N tracer techniques this study examines how crop plants and soil microbes vary in their ability to take up and compete for fertilizer N on a short time scale (hours to days). Single plants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Morex) were grown on two agricultural soils in microcosms which received either NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻ or NH₄NO₃. Within each fertilizer treatment traces of ¹⁵NH₄⁺ and ¹⁵NO₃⁻ were added separately. During 8 days of fertilization the fate of fertilizer ¹⁵N into plants, microbial biomass and inorganic soil N pools as well as changes in gross N transformation rates were investigated. One week after fertilization 45-80% of initially applied ¹⁵N was recovered in crop plants compared to only 1-10% in soil microbes, proving that plants were the strongest competitors for fertilizer N. In terms of N uptake soil microbes out-competed plants only during the first 4 h of N application independent of soil and fertilizer N form. Within one day microbial N uptake declined substantially, probably due to carbon limitation. In both soils, plants and soil microbes took up more NO₃⁻ than NH₄⁺ independent of initially applied N form. Surprisingly, no inhibitory effect of NH₄⁺ on the uptake and assimilation of nitrate in both, plants and microbes, was observed, probably because fast nitrification rates led to a swift depletion of the ammonium pool. Compared to plant and microbial NH₄⁺ uptake rates, gross nitrification rates were 3-75-fold higher, indicating that nitrifiers were the strongest competitors for NH₄⁺ in both soils. The rapid conversion of NH₄⁺ to NO₃⁻ and preferential use of NO₃⁻ by soil microbes suggest that in agricultural systems with high inorganic N fertilizer inputs the soil microbial community could adapt to high concentrations of NO₃⁻ and shift towards enhanced reliance on NO₃⁻ for their N supply.     

Phosphorus availability of sewage sludge‐based fertilizers determined by the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique

The plant‐availability of phosphorus (P) in fertilizers and soil can strongly influence the yield of agricultural crops. However, there are no methods to efficiently and satisfactorily analyze the plant‐availability of P in sewage sludge‐based P fertilizers except by undertaking time‐consuming and complex pot or field experiments. We employed the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique to quantify the plant P availability of various types of P fertilizers with a novel focus on sewage sludge‐based P fertilizers. Mixtures of fertilizer and soil were incubated for 3 weeks at 60% water holding capacity. DGT devices were deployed at the beginning of the incubation and again after 1, 2, and 3 weeks. Two weeks of incubation were sufficient for the formation of plant‐available P in the fertilizer/soil mixtures. In a pot experiment, the DGT technique predicted maize (Zea mays L.) biomass yield and P uptake significantly more accurately than standard chemical extraction tests for P fertilizers (e.g ., water, citric acid, and neutral ammonium citrate). Therefore, the DGT technique can be recommended as a reliable and robust method to screen the performance of different types of sewage sludge‐based P fertilizers for maize cultivation minimizing the need for time‐consuming and costly pot or field experiments.     

Comparative efficiency of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria under greenhouse conditions for promoting growth and aloin-A content of Aloe barbadensis

This study was conducted with Aloe barbadensis in order to investigate the efficacy of four phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), Pseudomonas synxantha 10223, Burkholderia gladioli 10242, Enterobacter hormaechei 10240 and Serratia marcescens 10241 to solubilize Mussorie rock phosphate (MRP) and to evaluate its effects on growth, soluble P content and P uptake compared with control, i.e. uninoculated plants. Pot experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, in soil supplemented with MRP. Each PSB treatment showed different effects on different plant growth parameters. The maximum increase in leaf length (23.7%), total number of leaves (33.33%) and dry rind weight (69.10%) was observed in plants treated with P. synxantha 10223 compared with control. Whereas, maximum increase in root length (23.43%), fresh leaves weight (79.03%), dry gel weight (113.08%) and total gel volume (112.10%), was observed in plants treated with S. marcescens 10241 compared with uninoculated plants. Maximum increase in aloin-A content [114.92% (per g dry gel weight) and 322.32% (per plant dry gel weight)] was observed in plants treated with P. synxantha 10223 compared with control plants. Root colonization by inoculated PSB as estimated by RAPD technique showed that all PSB were able to survive in the rhizosphere of Aloe plants.     

海水磷酸盐分析方法的优化和试剂稳定性研究

对《海洋调查规范》中测定海水磷酸盐的常规方法进行了优化 ,达到了简化过程 ,缩短分析时间以适应水下现场自动分析的目标。此外 ,实验还对磷酸盐测定所使用的试剂及标准贮备液的稳定性进行了一系列的研究 ,改进试剂保存方法 ,延长试剂使用寿命 ,以满足长期现场测定的要求