Nitrous oxide, methane and ammonia emissions following slurry spreading on grassland

In Sweden, 90% of ammonia (NH₃) emissions to the atmosphere originate from agriculture, predominantly from animal manure handling. It is well known that incorporation of manure into soil can reduce NH₃ emissions after spreading. However, there is a risk of increased nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) emissions caused by bacterial activity and limited oxygen availability under these conditions. A full‐scale injector was developed and evaluated in a field experiment on grassland. Cattle slurry was either injected in closed slots 5 cm below ground or band spread on the soil surface above the crop canopy at a rate of 25 t ha^?1. In a control treatment, no slurry was applied. During a 5‐day period after application, NH₃ emissions were measured using an equilibrium concentration method. Gas samples for estimating CH₄ and N₂O emissions were also collected during 7 weeks following slurry application. Injection in closed slots resulted in no detectable NH₃ emissions. After band spreading, however, NH₃ emissions corresponded to nearly 40% of the total ammoniacal nitrogen in the applied slurry. The injection of slurry gave rise to a broad peak of N₂O emissions during the first 3 weeks after application. In total, for the measuring period, N₂O emissions corresponded to 0.75 kg N ha^?1. Band spreading resulted in only a very small N₂O release of about 0.2 kg N ha^?1 during the same period. Except for the first sampling occasion, the soil was predominantly a sink for CH₄ in all the treatments. The use of the injector without slurry application reduced grass yield during unfavourable growing conditions. In conclusion, shallow injection in closed slots seems to be a promising technique to reduce negative environmental impacts from NH₃ emissions with a limited release of N₂O and CH₄.     

Gully development in the Moldavian Plateau of Romania

Gully erosion has been recognized as an important environmental threat in the Moldavian Plateau of Eastern Romania. The main objective of this study was to define the process-based gully development by providing quantitative information from long-term field measurements in small catchments.Three main areas of monitoring gullies were explored: aerial photographs of flights in 1960 and 1970, classical leveling and repeated survey through a particular close stakes grid after 1980. The Caesium-137 technique has been used effectively in the areas of deposition of gully sediments to obtain reliable information on dating specific levels of sediments and to provide chronological measures of gully development.Most of the discontinuous gullies exhibit both proper gullying, mainly if not exclusively by gully head advance, and aggradation of the gully basin floor. Results indicated that the mean gully head retreat was 0.92 m year^− 1 and the mean areal gully growth was 17.0 m² year^− 1. Both values indicate a slow erosion rate for this area. The average annual regime of gullying is pulsatory, one that is best described by great fluctuations. Conventional measurements on sedimentation over the period 1987–1997 indicate a higher rate of aggradation in the upper half of the gully floor. Information on the Caesium-137 depth profile was used to provide estimates of a mean sedimentation rate of 4.4 cm year^− 1 over the period 1963–1996 and 2.5 cm year^− 1 after 1986 for the short successive discontinuous gullies. A new classification of the discontinuous gullies based on two criteria, respectively, the field patterns and the rate of aggradation within the gully basin floor was established.For continuous gullies, linear gully head retreat, areal gully growth and eroded material rates were quantified for three periods (1961–1970, 1971–1980 and 1981–1990). Results indicate that gully erosion has decreased since 1960. This gullying decline is due to the rainfall distribution, and the increased influence of soil conservation practices. The mean gully head retreat of 12.5 m year^− 1 between 1961–1990 was accompanied by a mean areal gully growth of 366.8 m² year^− 1 and a mean erosion rate of 4168 t year^− 1. As with discontinuous gullies, continuous gullies showed pulsatory development.The critical period for gullying over 1981–1996 covers 4 months from Mid March to Mid July in an area with mean annual precipitation around 500 mm. Another main finding of this 16-year stationary monitoring was that 57% of the total gullying occurred during the cold season, with the remainder during the warm season. Of the total gully growth, 66% results from only four years (1981, 1988, 1991 and 1996), when a greater amount of precipitation fell.     

以中国土壤系统分类为基础的土壤参比

为了土壤信息交流、知识共享 ,作者首先阐述了与世界土壤分类发展相伴随的中国土壤系统分类的发展 ,进而对中国土壤系统分类与美国土壤分类和WRB方案进行了参比 ,然后着重讨论了它与土壤发生分类之间的参比。今后拟建立土壤参比信息系统以实现计算机自动参比     

优质青贮玉米新青1号的选育及其栽培技术

新青1号是新疆农科院粮作所培育的优质高产青贮玉米新品种.该品种一般生物产量67 500～82 500kg/hm².春播生育期110 d左右,复播生育期90～100d,适宜≥10℃有效积温2400℃·d以上地区种植.全株粗蛋白含量10.07%,粗脂肪3.02%,总糖11.65%,粗纤维8.38%,无氮浸出物32.42%,干物质含量49.94%.子粒容重828g/L,子粒粗蛋白13.19%,粗脂肪5.55%,赖氨酸含量0.34%.通过适时播种、合理密植、加强田间管理和适时收获即可获得高产     

橄榄树育苗技术

总结橄榄树育苗技术,主要包括品种选择、育苗方法、幼苗培育和管理、嫁接方法等方面内容。     

淀粉酶提取小米米糠蛋白的工艺研究

[目的]探究小米米糠蛋白的提取工艺.[方法]以小米米糠为原料,先测定其营养成分,然后制备脱脂米糠,利用淀粉酶对小米米糠酶解处理进行米糠蛋白的提取,通过单因素试验对提取条件进行筛选.[结果]试验得到小米米糠蛋白的最佳提取工艺条件为:最佳料液比1∶10 g/ml,淀粉酶用量20 U/g,最佳反应时间2h,最佳反应温度60℃.[结论]研究可为小米米糠蛋白的提取提供理论依据.     

三系杂交稻新组合川香优510的选育与应用

介绍了川香优510的选育过程,同时简述了该品种的特征特性,最后详细介绍了该组合的种子生产技术及栽培技术。     

双季稻适用型“湘紫2号”紫云英的种植表现及高产栽培技术

[目的]针对目前南方双季稻区适用型紫云英品种缺乏的现状,湖南省土壤肥料研究所选育出了适于在双季稻区种植利用的紫云英新品种湘紫2号。[方法]通过开展多点田间品种比较试验和示范,了解湘紫2号的生长特性及其高产栽培技术。[结果]湘紫2号在湖南双季稻区种植表现出极早花、适产、养分含量高、抗性好、耐迟播、适应性广等优点。其高产栽培技术要点包括及早开沟,科学施肥,施用磷钾肥以小肥换大肥,注意防治病虫害,适时翻沤。[结论]湘紫2号的推广应用对解决原有紫云英品种与双季稻种植上季节不相匹配的问题具有重要意义,有利于恢复和发展紫云英生产、培肥地力和提高土地综合生产力。     

家庭农场信息管理系统的设计与实现

发展家庭农场是提高农业集约化经营水平的重要途径.家庭农场信息化为更好地实现科学种植、科学管理提供了数据支持和技术保障.该研究基于对章丘盛泉家庭农场的调研分析,设计并开发了家庭农场信息管理系统,该系统满足了对当前家庭农场土地、种植养殖记录、生产资料、农产品、操作人员等的信息化管理需求,提升了家庭农场生产及管理的整体水平.     

黄果枸杞硬枝扦插繁殖技术研究

[目的]探讨黄果枸杞硬枝扦插繁殖对植株成活率、结果率的影响.[方法]以一年生和二年生黄果枸杞不同部位的硬枝为插穗试验材料,采用不同浓度的生根粉及赤霉素进行处理.[结果]采用生根粉2 500 mg/L药液处理的二年生基部枝条的插穗植株其平均成活率及结果率最高,分别为63.6％和71％,植株生长状况最好;其次是赤霉素50 mg/L药液处理的二年生基部枝条的插稳,其植株生长状况较好.[结论]该研究为黄果枸杞规范化栽培提供技术服务.