桑平疹干枯病的研究

桑平疹干枯病(Massaria mori Miyake)是一种桑树的枝干病害,在浙江省分布较广,为害较重,发病率最高可达100％。经研究发现,本病菌存在无性时期,在PSA培养基中能形成分生孢子器,厚垣孢子以及有性时期的子囊和子囊孢子。明确了本病菌的分类地位应隶属于子囊菌亚门,腔菌纲、格孢腔菌目、格孢腔菌科。本病的发生和寄主、病原的生态环境有关,接种发病率分别为30％,60％。因品种不同,形成愈伤组织有差异,直接影响变色部分的长短。本病菌在越冬后,于次年3月引起初次侵染,均从伤口侵入,一年内有重复感染。完成本病菌的生活史需要35—58天,接种潜育期一般为18天。在12月低温8℃时,子囊孢子萌芽率仅1.5％,故桑树整枝宜在1月份低温时进行。     

Potato minituber production from nodal cuttings compared to wholein vitro plantlets using low volume media in a greenhouse

Summary A greenhouse minituber production system involving low inputs of in vitro potato plantlets and propagation media is described, in vitro plantlets of six potato cultivars were sectioned into nodal cuttings and separately planted into moist peat based growing medium in shallow plastic trays. Cultivar differences were evident with respect to node viability, shoot regrowth and minituber yields. Nodal viability for shoot regrowth varied between 80–100%. Maximum shoot heights were recorded with whole in vitro plantlets (WIP) and the terminal Node-5 cluster. All cuttings produced minitubers. The terminal Node-5 cutting and WIP produced significantly larger minitubers >3.0 g as compared to single node cuttings. Greater numbers of minitubers were produced by the cvs Norchip, Red Pontiac and Conestoga as compared to cvs Eramosa. G8610-4PY and Shepody. Total numbers of minitubers were 3 to 5 times higher from each in vitro plantlet that was sectioned into nodal cuttings as compared with intact WIP: the yield ratios depended on cultivar.     

Impact of simulated erosion on the abundance and activity of indigenous vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal endophytes in an Oxisol

Summary The influence of simulated erosion on the abundance and activity of indigenous vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) populations was evaluated in an Oxisol. Surface-soil losses in excess of 7.5 cm were generally associated with significant decreases in the numbers of total and active VAM propagules and in the symbiotic effectiveness of the active propagules. Surface-soil removal not exceeding 7.5 cm was associated with decreased propagule abundance without adverse effects on VAM colonization of roots and symbiotic effectiveness of the fungi. The extent of VAM colonization of roots and the degree of symbiotic effectiveness observed at this level of simulated erosion were significantly higher than those observed in the soil not subjected to simulated erosion. This stimulation is attributed to the removal of antagonistic biotic factors as the top 7.5 cm of soil was removed. It is concluded that propagules lost during erosional soil losses must be replaced before legumes grown on relatively highly weathered and severely eroded tropical soils could appreciably benefit from the VAM symbiosis.Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources Journal Series No. 3234     

小杆线虫Rhabditis（Oscheius）sp.生物学特性测定（摘要）

[目的]对从内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔盟海拉尔市苜蓿根际土壤中分离出的小杆线虫（Rhabditis（Oscheius）sp.）的生物学特性进行测定。[方法]以大蜡螟（Galleria mellonella）和黄粉甲（Tenebrio molitor）老熟幼虫为寄主,测定小杆线虫的侵染力;以水浴方法测定小杆线虫的耐热能力。[结果]小杆线虫在10、20和40 IJ/s虫的剂量下侵染力较低;但在80、160、320和640 IJs/虫的剂量下侵染力较高,侵染大蜡螟96 h、侵染黄粉甲120 h的校正死亡率均达90%以上;在80 IJs/虫的剂量下侵染力最高,侵染120 h,寄主的校正死亡率达100%。在所测试的较高剂量下,小杆线虫对黄粉虫的侵染效果低于对大蜡螟的侵染效果。侵染大蜡螟达到90%上校正死亡率的侵染效果需96 h,而侵染黄粉虫达到同样的效果则需120 h。浓度1 000～5 000 IJ/ml的小杆线虫在36℃条件下水浴2 d,有25%左右的个体存活,水浴6 d,仍有3%～9%的个体存活,至第9天,线虫个体全部死亡;在38℃下水浴6h、40℃下水浴2 h,线虫个体全部死亡。[结论]小杆线虫具有较强的侵染力和耐热能力,具有开发应用潜能。     

Recent trends in nursery practice in New Zealand

The plantation resource in New Zealand is now 1.73 million hectares, of which 90% is Pinus radiataD. Don (radiata pine). The resource has been expanding at over 50,000 ha per year since 1992, although new planting is currently declining. In 1998, new planting and restocking of previously clear-felled areas was 81,100 ha. Initial stocking rates vary, but are typically in the range of 800–1000 plants per hectare, requiring around 80 million nursery plants to be raised per year.Sufficient open-pollinated seed is produced for New Zealand requirements. An increasing proportion of more expensive control-pollinated seed is being used to increase genetic gain. This has led to increased use of vegetative propagation by cuttings and tissue culture, providing more than 25% of current planting stock. These propagules, especially cuttings, often have better early performance compared with seedlings, perhaps because of their larger size. Clonal forestry options are also now being evaluated.Seedling quality specifications have been well defined for bare-root radiata pine, but not well quantified for more recent plant types such as vegetative propagules or container-grown plants. Both root system quality and physiological age can be important for vegetative propagules. These propagules, especially cuttings with a physiological age of less than 4 years, have performed as well as seedlings for growth, and have been better than seedlings for stem form and early stability. Container-growing of planting stock is being introduced with this more valuable genetic material, and issues of plant quality are being raised, as it is expensive to grow large stock in containers. More research should be done to determine what plant quality standards are required to ensure successful establishment with these stock types.     

河南省牛球虫种类及流行病学调查

牛球虫病以出血性肠炎为特征,两岁以内的犊牛发病率高,死亡率亦高。作者经过3年9个月的时间对全省16个县市的503头牛作了粪便检查,共查出感染球虫的有110头,感染率为21.87％,球虫11种,同时调查了牛球虫的流行病学及危害,为河南省牛球虫种类及流行病学提供了一些科学数据。     

红汁乳菇与马尾松幼苗外生菌根合成研究

采用液体菌剂打孔接种无菌苗的方法,以菌根感染率为评价指标研究了液体菌剂不同接种量、不同季节接种、是否添加营养物对接种效果的影响。结果表明,接种马尾松无菌苗液体菌剂量为500mL·箱^-1～1000mL·箱^-1的处理能生产出理想的茵根苗;在春季接种苗木效果比秋季更好;在打孔接种后浇撒营养液茵根感染率明显高于不浇营养液的处理。     

Growth and tiller production of Themeda triandra as affected by NPK fertilisation

Themeda triandra Forssk. is a common perennial grass in southern African grasslands that tolerates low nutrient soils. Establishment of the species into degraded or transformed areas is difficult, but there have been some advances with clonal propagation using tillers. To generate propagules (tillers), tiller production of plants must be maximised. This research focused on the growth response of T. triandra to fertilisation with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) each at three levels in a fully factorial pot experiment. Fertilisation increased growth. The number of tillers and aerial shoot mass were controlled by an N × P interaction, and total mass and root mass were controlled by N and by P, with N having a larger effect. Mass per tiller was not related to treatment. Shoot:root ratio and root mass per tiller were controlled by N. Potassium had no effect on any response. For maximum tiller production of T. triandra, plants should be fertilised with high levels of N and P.     

Unintentional dispersal of aquatic invertebrates via footwear and motor vehicles in a Mediterranean wetland area

• 1. Several human activities, such as actions for nature conservation, research and recreational activities, are closely associated with inland aquatic habitats that are usually considered as isolated island habitats. In this study, the possibility of unintentional dispersal of aquatic invertebrates among water bodies via footwear and motor vehicles was investigated.
• 2. Mud samples collected from boots and from the tyres and wheel cases of cars used for field work by biologists (Camargue, Southern France) were hatched under laboratory conditions and also checked for the presence of unhatched propagules. A large number of organisms hatched and invertebrate propagules from a wide range of taxa were encountered (including Artemia, freshwater large branchiopods, Cladocera, Ostracoda, Rotifera, Turbellaria, Nematoda, etc.). The results also demonstrated that different research groups tend to transport the aquatic invertebrates typical for their respective study systems.
• 3. Human dispersal of aquatic invertebrates has been studied mainly on large continental scales, such as in the case of transoceanic transport via ballast water in ships. This study provides evidence that dispersal via footwear and motor vehicles may result in frequent dispersal of aquatic invertebrates on a local scale, and we presume also occasionally over longer distances. Given the rapid spread of invasive zooplankton species (e.g. Artemia franciscana encountered in this study), we promote caution and recommend cleaning before transport of any equipment which comes in contact with water or aquatic sediment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.