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1.
F. Borie R. Rubio J.L. Rouanet A. Morales G. Borie C. Rojas 《Soil & Tillage Research》2006,88(1-2):253-261
Tillage affects the soil physical and chemical environment in which soil microorganisms live, thereby affecting their number, diversity and activity. However, soil disturbance generally has the greatest impact on biological properties, including both free and symbiotic fungal populations. Interest in more ecologically sustainable agricultural systems is rising with increasing recognition that agricultural intensification can adversely affect environmental quality. This paper discusses the effect of tillage system on some soil characteristics, such as pH, C, N and S levels, total and Olsen-P contents including some P forms associated with organic matter, glomalin contents and arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) parameters, such as root colonization, spore number and total and active hyphal length. Measurements were in the sixth year of an on-going tillage-rotation experiment conducted on an Ultisol under no-till (NT), reduced tillage (RT) and conventional tillage with stubble mixed into the soil (CTS) or stubble burnt (CTB). Soil was sampled at two dates; after wheat (Triticum aestivum) harvest (autumn) and 6 months after subsequent grassland seeding (spring). Higher C, N, S, total P and fulvic acid-P concentrations and pH occurred under NT and RT than under CTS and CTB after wheat harvest. However, results at the second sampling were not consistent. AM spore number and active hyphal length were highest under NT having the greatest incidence on AM root colonization and P concentration in shoots of the pasture. Glomalin concentration was higher under NT and RT than under CTS and CTB but no differences in calculated glomalin to total C (ca. 5%) were found. It is concluded that a less disruptive effect of NT influences positively all soil characteristics and also increases P acquisition by the following crop in the rotation system. 相似文献
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杜鹃花属植物内生真菌对毛棉杜鹃幼苗生长的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对来自粤北3种野生杜鹃花属植物根样中的聚多曲霉(Aspergillus sydowii)(菌株号:YJ1,YS2)、杂色曲霉A. versicolor(菌株号:GD1)3个内生真菌菌株及其混合菌剂进行瓶内接种试验,比较其对毛棉杜鹃(Rhododendron moulmainense)幼苗的菌根侵染率、苗高和生物量的影响。结果表明,3个菌株及其混合菌剂均可与毛棉杜鹃幼苗根系形成菌根共生体,但不同菌剂在不同培养基上对毛棉杜鹃幼苗根系的侵染力、苗高增长和生物量增重效果存在显著差异(P<0.05)。多数菌剂(YS2、M3、M1、M2)在MMN培养基上对幼苗根系侵染力显著高于WPM培养基和混合基质培养基(P<0.05),而多数接菌苗(YJ1、GD1、M2、M3)在WPM培养基上生长显著优于MMN培养基(P<0.05),YS2、GD1和混合菌剂M2(YS2+GD1)对毛棉杜鹃幼苗的增高和增重具有明显的促生作用。 相似文献
3.
Assessment on the development and survival of Haemonchus contortus larvae was made to evaluate the influence of microclimatic variables viz., relative humidity (%), temperature (°C), rainfall
(mm) and intensity of sunlight (hrs). Pasture plots in a sub-tropical area, Pakistan were contaminated with H. contortus eggs at the start of every month. The plots were sampled on fortnightly basis after contamination for three consecutive months.
The overall pattern indicated the most favorable conditions for survival, development and translation to herbage was during
the wet season from July to October and the least favorable was during the dry season from April to June. Peak infective larvae
(L3) recovery was during the 15–45 day interval for each plot and the lowest number was during the 75–90 day interval. Herbage
was collected in the morning, afternoon and evening and greatest recovery of L3 was in the morning time and least in the afternoon. The number of L3 on pasture was directly related to the pattern of rainfall and relative humidity with a significant (P < 0.05) positive correlation
and temperature and intensity of sunshine were negatively correlated (P < 0.05). The results suggest that pastures can remain
infective for up to 2 months and become relatively clean by 90 days after contamination. Thus, long pasture rest periods,
especially during the high risk wet season, may be a helpful strategy to reduce the infection levels. 相似文献
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在同德县北巴滩进行了不同浓度蝗虫微孢子虫(N.L)小区试验和大面积推广试验,并在1997和1999年对防治效果作了调查,结果表明N.L不仅当年虫口减退率和感病率可达60%和50%以上(30天),而且在1997年、1999年防区内平均感病率仍保持在30%和40%。说明N.L具有较强的水平扩散能力和垂直感染能力,可持续、有效地控制蝗灾的发生。 相似文献
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Paula Aguilera Fernando Borie Alex Seguel Pablo Cornejo 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(12):2427-2431
Arbuscular mycorrhizal spores and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) isolated from acid soils were analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) for Al detection. Mycorrhizal structures of Glomus intraradices produced under in vitro conditions as well as spores and GRSP from neutral and Cu-polluted soils were used as contrasting criteria. Spores and GRSP from soils with 7 and 70% Al saturation showed autofluorescence which increased especially at the highest soil Al level and when Al3+ solution was added. G.intraradices spores showed fluorescence only when exogenous Al3+ was added. On the contrary, spores and GRSP from neutral and Cu-polluted soils showed little or no significant fluorescence. This fluorescence shown by fungal structures and GRSP when subjected to high Al (of endogenous or exogenous origin) suggest a high capacity for Al immobilization, which could be an effective way to reduce Al activity and phytotoxicity in acid soils. 相似文献
6.
为探索治疗奶牛感染性蹄病的新药物,以患蹄病的绵羊为奶牛感染性蹄病的动物模型进行临床治疗试验。试验药物是针对奶牛感染性蹄病痛原特点研制的5种配方,即配方Ⅰ~配方Ⅴ。选择自然感染蹄病的绵羊50只,随机分为7个组,各组羊只分别为配方Ⅰ组6只、配方Ⅱ组7只、配方Ⅲ组10只、配方Ⅳ组9只、配方Ⅴ组8只、药物对照组5只、空白对照组5只。结果表明,在本试验药物组中,临床疗效依次为配方Ⅴ〉配方Ⅲ〉配方Ⅱ〉配方Ⅳ〉配方Ⅰ,配方Ⅴ的效果最佳,有效率和治愈率分别达100%、88.9%。综合比较,本试验药物的治疗效果要优于传统药物。 相似文献
7.
The prevailing paradigm is that immunosuppressed individuals are more susceptible to infection and are at higher risk of infection from Cryptosporidium oocysts if present in drinking water. To test this hypothesis, three immune conditions were examined: genetically immunocompromised T cell deficient CD-1 nude mice, B and T cell deficient Fox Chase CB-17/IcrClB SCID mice, and chemically immunosuppressed C57Bl/6 mice. Chemical immunosuppression was induced with a single subcutaneous injection of methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) at 600 mg/kg. The MPA immunosuppressed C57Bl/6 mice were characterized by a sustained decrease in circulating CD3, CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocytes of greater than 80% and a similar decrease in B-lymphocytes. A sharp rise in circulating mature segmented neutrophils followed MPA injection, dropping sharply after 10-14 days, mirroring the decrease in lymphocytes. The cessation of oocyst production after MPA was not accompanied by a radical rise in circulating CD3 or CD4 T-lymphocytes, but rather a rise in CD8 T-lymphocytes. The ID50 for the MPA immunosuppressed C57Bl/6 mice was 122 oocysts, whereas the ID50 for the C57Bl/6 immunocompetent group was 44. The genetically immunocompromised mice showed similar differences. The ID50 for CD-1 nude mice was 166 oocysts compared to 64 in CD-1 immunocompetent mice. For Fox Chase CB-17/IcrClB SCID and the immunocompetent CB-17 mice, the ID50's were 83 and 60 oocysts, respectively. These results suggest that the lack of an immune response does not increase the ability of C. muris to establish a productive infection and produce oocysts. 相似文献
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Glyphosate is a systemic non-selective herbicide, the most widely used in the world. Alongside with its use in agricultural and forestry systems, this herbicide is used in grasslands in late summer with the aim of promoting winter species with the consequent increase in stocking rate. However, its effects on non-target organisms, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), are unclear. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonize the root of more than 80% of terrestrial plants, improving their growth and survival, and therefore playing a key role in ecosystem structure and function. The aim of this work was to investigate the possible pathways through which glyphosate application affects AMF spores viability and root colonization in grassland communities. Our hypothesis is that glyphosate application can damage AMF directly (through contact with spores and external hyphae) or indirectly through the changes it generates on host plants. The experiment had a factorial array with three factors: (1) plant species, at two levels (Paspalum dilatatum and Lotus tenuis), (2) doses of glyphosate, at three levels (0 l ha−1, 0.8 l ha−1 and 3 l ha −1), and (3) application site, at two levels: soil (direct pathway) and plant foliage (indirect pathway). Spore viability was reduced even under the lowest glyphosate rate, but only when it was applied on the soil. Total root colonization for both species was similarly decreased when glyphosate was applied to plant foliage or on soil, with no difference between 0.8 and 3 l ha−1. The number of arbuscules was 20% lower when glyphosate was applied on plant foliage, than when it was applied on the soil. Our findings illustrate that glyphosate application negatively affects AMF functionality in grasslands, due to different causes depending on the herbicide application site. While, under field conditions, the occurrence of direct and/or indirect pathways will depend on the plant cover at the time of glyphosate application, the consequences of this practice on the plant community structure will vary with the mycorrhizal dependence of the species composition regardless of the pathway involved. 相似文献