三江平原湿地岛状林土壤节肢动物多样性

利用巴氏罐诱法,对三江平原典型湿地岛状林土壤节肢动物进行了标本采集与数据收集。经过室内标本的整理鉴定和数据分析,共获得标本3803号,分属于11个类别,其中大部分是昆虫(2995号)。昆虫各大目中,蚂蚁和弹尾目数量最多,分别为1553号和1018号,鞘翅目、半翅目等也有相当数量的分布,直翅目、蚤目、同翅目的数量相对较少,其他类群主要为多足纲动物及蛛形纲动物;岛状林Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数在6月最高,7月最低;蚂蚁是土壤节肢动物的优势物种,与其他土壤节肢动物数量有显著差异;在岛状林采集到13种步甲,表明湿地岛状林是湿地多样性研究的重要区域。     

Effect of Drip Fertigation on Yield,Water Use Efficiency,and Nutrients Availability in Banana in West Bengal,India

Field studies were conducted during 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 at the Gangetic alluvial plains of West Bengal, India, to assess the different levels of drip fertigation at variable evaporation replenishment compared to surface irrigation and conventional soil fertilization on yield, water use efficiency, and nutrients availability in plant and ratoon crop of banana. The experiment was laid in an Augmented Factorial Complete Block Design with three replications having three drip irrigation schedules at 50%, 60%, and 70% of cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) and three drip fertigation schedules at 50%, 60%, and 80% of recommended nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers with inclusion of conventional surface irrigation at 100% of IW/CPE. The results showed that fruit yield of plant and ratoon crop increased progressively with increasing levels of irrigation water (up to 60% CPE) and NPK fertigation through the drip system. However, maximum fruit yield and water use efficiency of crops was obtained with drip irrigation at 60% CPE with NPK fertigation at 80% of recommended dose. Drip irrigation, as a whole, registered higher fruit yields and water use efficiency with savings of 38.3–41.5% of water compared to surface irrigation. Availability of N, P, and K in soil at vegetative, shooting, and harvesting stages for plant and ratoon crop consistently increased with increasing rate of irrigation water and NPK fertigation through the drip system. Higher availability of macronutrients in soil was recorded with drip irrigation at 70% CPE with 80% of recommended drip NPK fertigation. Overall drip fertigation system improved the available plant nutrients in the soil as compared with traditional surface irrigation.     

Comparing water management in rice-wheat production systems in Haryana, India and Punjab, Pakistan

The intensive irrigated rice-wheat systems in the northwest Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia are built on a long tradition of canal irrigation and the more recent advent of tubewells. Findings from farm surveys are used to examine water management and water productivity in the rice-wheat belt of India's Haryana State and Pakistan's Punjab province. Attributes of the irrigation sources help explain the widespread interest in groundwater use and the relative demise of canal water use. In each area groundwater now is the main irrigation source, used either solely or in conjunction with surface water. The ownership of tubewells is near universal among the surveyed farms, whereas conjunctive water use is more widespread during the monsoon season, among better endowed farmers and in the Pakistan Punjab. In Pakistan Punjab farmers primarily rely on diesel powered tubewells whereas Haryana farmers mainly use relatively cheaper electric power. Water productivity indicators for rice are markedly lower than those for wheat—largely reflecting significantly higher water inputs in paddy cultivation—but also vary between the study areas and by the prevailing water use, reflecting the limited incentives for farmers to use water wisely. A combination of technological, land use and market based approaches is likely to be most effective in achieving sustainable water management in these intensive cereal systems.     

Why grain yield of transplanted rice on permanent raised beds declines with time?

Permanent raised beds are being promoted as a resource conservation technology for rice–wheat systems in Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) to improve the water productivity of rice and wheat in addition to other benefits, as furrow irrigation can be more efficient than flood irrigation. However, several studies carried out in the NW IGP have shown rice grain yields to decrease with the increasing age of the beds. The present study was conducted on a deep alluvial loam (Ustochrept) in a farmer's field at Phillaur, Punjab, India, to identify possible reasons for the declining grain yield of rice on the permanent raised beds (37.5 cm wide alternating with 30 cm wide furrows 15 cm deep) in comparison to fresh raised beds. The beds were formed with a bed planter drawn by a 35-hp 4-wheel tractor, which was also used to direct drill wheat on the permanent beds each year, and to reshape the beds prior to each rice crop. This paper reports a study of rice root distribution and mass at the end of the vegetative stage, and soil bulk density after harvest, for transplanted rice on permanent beds (4th rice crop, 8th crop) in comparison with transplanted rice on fresh beds (1st crop).Rice grain yield declined linearly with increasing age of the permanent beds. It decreased by 19% in 2004, 45% in 2005 and 59% in 2006 from 4.64 t ha⁻¹ in 2003. In situ exposure of root profiles on permanent and fresh beds revealed that the horizontal spread of roots on permanent beds (6 cm from the base of the plant at 18 cm depth and 12 cm at 27 cm depth) was much less than on fresh beds (12 cm at 18 cm depth and 18 cm at 27 cm depth). The root mass density in at 0–15 cm the middle of the fresh beds was 59% higher than on the permanent beds. Bulk density was significantly higher under the shoulder and side of the permanent beds to the depth of sampling (0–15 cm) than under the fresh beds at the same positions across the furrow. The decline in performance of rice on beds as the beds aged was at least partly due to compaction of the permanent beds by the tractor tyres, which had width similar to that of the top of the furrow. This hindered the spread of the roots particularly towards the beds.     

Seeing the forest for the deer: Do reductions in deer-disturbance lead to forest recovery?

High levels of deer browsing can prevent canopy tree regeneration, but little is known about changes to forest size-structure following long-term deer herd reductions. We monitored changes in forest stand structure and composition in southwestern Ontario, Canada, over 28-years using permanent plots. Our study site was the largest remaining tract of Carolinian (deciduous) forest in Canada (11 km²), a habitat type that contains up to a fifth of Canada’s species at risk and is under intense anthropogenic pressures. We recorded declines in all tree size classes between 1981 and 1996, during which densities of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) reached a peak of 55 deer km⁻². Despite significant and sustained deer herd reductions between 1996 and 2009, which reduced deer densities to 7 deer km⁻², there was limited recruitment of small trees and declines in basal area of tree species that were sensitive to deer browsing. Our results suggest that recovery from herbivory is a protracted process during which canopy tree regeneration may continue to decline despite a reduction in browsing pressure due to deer culling. Large declines in canopy-tree densities in Carolinian forests may lead to forest size-structures and herbaceous plant communities that resemble rare oak savanna habitat, creating difficult decisions for conservation managers aiming to protect rare and endangered species within native ecosystems. We recommend that managers protect Carolinian forest stands and encourage canopy tree regeneration by increasing seed sources of native trees. While deer control is essential in reducing forest damage, our results highlight the need to explore other forms of active management to expedite otherwise slow increases in tree density.     

Histochemistry of the zona pellucida of the ovary of a species with natural polyovulation: Lagostomus maximus (Rodentia,Hystricomorpha, Chinchillidae)

This study reports the histochemistry and the distribution of glycoconjugates (GCs) in the zona pellucida (ZP) of preantral, secondary, tertiary, polyovulatory and atretic follicles of ovaries from non‐pregnant (NPr) and pregnant (Pr) females of Lagostomus maximus. GCs were studied using histochemical and lectin histochemical methods. The viscacha ZP was positive to all the histochemical techniques. In addition, it was observed that the intensity of staining of the ZP was constant in the different follicular stages between both female groups. The lectin histochemical study revealed that ZP was positive for certain lectins (WGA, RCA‐I and CON‐A) and that the labelling did not vary between the different follicular stages, but between the two groups of females. By using both histochemical techniques, it was established that the GCs present in the ZP label the complexity of the area. These results allow us to increase our knowledge on the biology of the viscacha's ovary, particularly contributing to the study of polyovulation.     

基于中原崛起的商丘经济发展SWOT分析

商丘作为豫东地区经济中心,在中原崛起中有着十分重要的战略意义。运用SWOT分析方法,对商丘经济发展所具备的优势、劣势以及面临的机会和威胁进行分析与判断,使其在经济发展中充分发挥优势,克服劣势,抓住机遇,有效回避威胁,获得经济的持续、快速、健康发展,在中原崛起中崛起。     

Effect of conservation agriculture on stratification of soil organic matter under cereal-based cropping systems

ABSTRACT

Degradation of soil quality caused by conventional tillage practices is a major concern for the sustainability of rice-wheat cropping systems in South Asian region. Therefore, suitable conservation agriculture (CA) practices are required. This study investigates the stratification and storage of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) as affected by eight years of different CA practices in the North-West Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. There were four treatments: (1) conventionally tilled rice-wheat cropping system, (2) reduced-till CA-based rice-wheat-mungbean system, (3) no-till CA-based rice-wheat-mungbean system, and (4) no-till CA-based maize-wheat-mungbean system. The mean stratification ratio (SR) (i.e. a ratio of the concentrations of SOC and TN in the soil surface to those in a deeper layer) of SOC and TN for 0–5:5–10, 10–15, 15–20, 20–25 and 25–30 cm were found higher (> 2) under CA practices compared to intensive tillage-based conventional agricultural practice (< 2). No-till CA-based rice-wheat-mungbean system stored the highest amount of SOC (25.32 Mg ha^?1) whereas reduced till CA-based rice-wheat-mungbean system stored highest amount of TN (3.21 Mg ha^?1) at 0–30 cm soil depth. This study shows that CA stratifies SOC and TN and helps to enhance SOC sequestration and soil quality.     

江汉平原苏丹草-黑麦草轮作中氮磷钾肥效果及养分利用率

本试验研究了江汉平原苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中氮磷钾肥配合施用效果及养分利用率。结果表明:氮磷钾配施(NPK)的饲草鲜草产量分别比不施氮(PK)、不施磷(NK)和不施钾(NP)增产123.3t/hm²、34.5t/hm²和24.7t/hm²;氮、磷和钾肥显著增加鲜草、干草产量,鲜草增产率分别为313.1%、26.9%和17.9%,干草增产率分别为196.3%、22.2%和9.7%;氮磷钾配施显著促进饲草对氮、磷和钾的吸收,3种养分两季吸收总量分别达到500kgN/hm²、208kgP₂O₅/hm²和1196kgK₂O/hm²;氮磷钾配合施用条件下苏丹草和黑麦草的养分吸收比例(N:P₂O₅:K₂O)分别为1:0.37:1.96和1:0.50:3.19;轮作体系中,N、P、K肥利用率分别为60.0%、21.7%和61.6%;氮、磷和钾肥对饲草吸收相应养分的贡献率分别为81.0%、32.7%和23.2%。     

郑汴一体划区域内的土地资源优化配置研究

在中部崛起战略的带动下河南地区特别是郑汴地区社会经济发展取得了显著成就,当前郑汴一体化正在积极推进和实施中。但是目前中国经济发展过程中也存在比较棘手的问题,即人地矛盾突出。针对该问题,该文从中原地区和郑汴2地实际情况出发,探讨郑汴一体化地区土地资源优化配置的途径,提出针对郑汴一体化区域内土地资源优化配置的具体措施,以提高土地利用的综合效益。