鹰嘴龟的养殖技术

在对鹰嘴龟进行一系列研究的基础上,本文系统介绍了鹰嘴龟的生物学特征、生态习性、繁殖、孵化、人工饲养、疾病防治等知识,可为鹰嘴龟自然资源的保护和开发提供参考。     

Temperature sensitivity of organic matter decomposition in two boreal forest soil profiles

Controversial conclusions from different studies suggest that the decomposition of old soil organic matter (SOM) is either more, less, or equally temperature sensitive compared to the younger SOM. Based on chemical kinetic theory, the decomposition of more recalcitrant materials should be more temperature sensitive, unless environmental factors limit decomposition. Here, we show results for boreal upland forest soils supporting this hypothesis. We detected differences in the temperature sensitivity 1) between soil layers varying in their decomposition stage and SOM quality, and 2) inside the layers during a 495 day laboratory incubation. Temperature sensitivity increased with increasing soil depth and decreasing SOM quality. In the organic layers, temperature sensitivity of decomposition increased during the early part of a 495 day laboratory incubation, after respiration rate and SOM quality had notably decreased. This indicates that decomposition of recalcitrant compounds was more temperature sensitive than that of the labile ones. Our results imply that Q₁₀ values for total heterotrophic soil respiration determined from short-term laboratory incubations can either underestimate or overestimate the temperature sensitivity of SOM decomposition, depending on soil layer, initial labile carbon content and temperature range used for the measurements. Using Q₁₀ values that ignore these factors in global climate models provides erroneous estimates on the effects of climate change on soil carbon storage.     

磷肥施用对红壤有效磷含量和易流失磷含量的影响

[目的]该研究旨在探讨好气培养条件下,不同磷肥施用量的红壤中,应用Olsen法和Bray-1法测定的土壤有效磷含量及应用CaCl2法测定的土壤易流失磷含量的变化及其相关关系,为红壤区的磷素管理及磷素流失潜力评价提供理论依据。[方法]试验共设6个土样处理,室内好气培养后测定各土样中Olsen-P、Bray-1-P和CaCl2-P含量。[结果]随培养时间的延长,施用不同量磷肥的红壤中Olsen-P含量逐渐降低,Bray-1-P含量逐渐升高,CaCl2-P含量呈先升高后降低的趋势;CaCl2-P含量与Olsen-P含量和Bray-1-P含量均呈线性相关关系;肥料磷进入红壤Bray-1-P库的比例高达62%,进入Olsen-P库的比例为14%,进入CaCl2-P库的比例为0.12%。[结论]好气条件下施用磷肥造成红壤磷流失的风险不大,但随施磷量的增加,磷流失潜能仍会升高,且在施磷初期流失潜能最高。     

The effect of warming on the vulnerability of subducted organic carbon in arctic soils

Arctic permafrost soils contain large stocks of organic carbon (OC). Extensive cryogenic processes in these soils cause subduction of a significant part of OC-rich topsoil down into mineral soil through the process of cryoturbation. Currently, one-fourth of total permafrost OC is stored in subducted organic horizons. Predicted climate change is believed to reduce the amount of OC in permafrost soils as rising temperatures will increase decomposition of OC by soil microorganisms. To estimate the sensitivity of OC decomposition to soil temperature and oxygen levels we performed a 4-month incubation experiment in which we manipulated temperature (4–20 °C) and oxygen level of topsoil organic, subducted organic and mineral soil horizons. Carbon loss (C_LOSS) was monitored and its potential biotic and abiotic drivers, including concentrations of available nutrients, microbial activity, biomass and stoichiometry, and extracellular oxidative and hydrolytic enzyme pools, were measured. We found that independently of the incubation temperature, C_LOSS from subducted organic and mineral soil horizons was one to two orders of magnitude lower than in the organic topsoil horizon, both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. This corresponds to the microbial biomass being lower by one to two orders of magnitude. We argue that enzymatic degradation of autochthonous subducted OC does not provide sufficient amounts of carbon and nutrients to sustain greater microbial biomass. The resident microbial biomass relies on allochthonous fluxes of nutrients, enzymes and carbon from the OC-rich topsoil. This results in a “negative priming effect”, which protects autochthonous subducted OC from decomposition at present. The vulnerability of subducted organic carbon in cryoturbated arctic soils under future climate conditions will largely depend on the amount of allochthonous carbon and nutrient fluxes from the topsoil.     

不同孵化温度对雏番鸭第二性比及孵化率的影响研究

试验研究孵化前期(1~10d)7个不同温度(36.3~39.3℃)对雏鸭出壳时第二性比(♂∶♀)和受精蛋孵化率的影响结果表明,不同孵化温度出壳的雏番鸭公母性别存在明显差异(P<0.01),且公雏率随温度升高而升高,母雏率随温度升高而下降;孵化前期温度为36.3~37.3℃时出壳雏番鸭公少于母,第二性比介于0.24~0.95;而孵化前期温度为37.8~39.3℃时出壳雏番鸭公多于母,第二性比为1.39~5.38;且只有在温度37.3℃和37.8℃时第二性比与遗传性比(1∶1)无差异(P>0.05),而其他温度时第二性比均表现明显差异(P<0.05或P<0.01)。雏番鸭第二性比与孵化前期温度间相关指数R2为0.99,预测误差率为-34.88%~ 14.58%间,说明调控孵化温度可在一定程度上控制雏番鸭第二性比,孵化温度对受精蛋孵化率有明显影响,36.3~37.8℃内孵化率随温度的升高而升高,在37.8~39.3℃内则随温度的升高而降低。     

Decomposition of C-labeled roots in a pasture soil exposed to 10 years of elevated CO2

The net flux of soil C is determined by the balance between soil C input and microbial decomposition, both of which might be altered under prolonged elevated atmospheric CO₂. In this study, we determined the effect of elevated CO₂ on decomposition of grass root material (Lolium perenne L.). ¹⁴C-labeled root material, produced under ambient (35 Pa pCO₂) or elevated CO₂ (70 Pa pCO₂) was incubated in soil for 64 days. The soils were taken from a pasture ecosystem which had been exposed to ambient (35 Pa pCO₂) or elevated CO₂ (60 Pa pCO₂) under FACE-conditions for 10 years and two fertilizer N rates: 140 and 560 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. In soil exposed to elevated CO₂, decomposition rates of root material grown at either ambient or elevated CO₂ were always lower than in the control soil exposed to ambient CO₂, demonstrating a change in microbial activity. In the soil that received the high rate of N fertilizer, decomposition of root material grown at elevated CO₂ decreased by approximately 17% after incubation for 64 days compared to root material grown at ambient CO₂. The amount of ¹⁴CO₂ respired per amount of ¹⁴C incorporated in the microbial biomass (q¹⁴CO₂) was significantly lower when roots were grown under high CO₂ compared to roots grown under low CO₂. We hypothesize that this decrease is the result of a shift in the microbial community, causing an increase in metabolic efficiency. Soils exposed to elevated CO₂ tended to respire more native SOC, both with and without the addition of the root material, probably resulting from a higher C supply to the soil during the 10 years of treatment with elevated CO₂. The results show the importance of using soils adapted to elevated CO₂ in studies of decomposition of roots grown under elevated CO₂. Our results further suggest that negative priming effects may obscure CO₂ data in incubation experiments with unlabeled substrates. From the results obtained, we conclude that a slower turnover of root material grown in an ‘elevated-CO₂ world’ may result in a limited net increase in C storage in ryegrass swards.     

Soil organic matter dynamics in grassland soils under elevated CO2: Insights from long-term incubations and stable isotopes

Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels generally stimulate carbon (C) uptake by plants, but the fate of this additional C largely remains unknown. This uncertainty is due in part to the difficulty in detecting small changes in soil carbon pools. We conducted a series of long-term (170-330 days) laboratory incubation experiments to examine changes in soil organic matter pool sizes and turnover rates in soil collected from an open-top chamber (OTC) elevated CO₂ study in Colorado shortgrass steppe. We measured concentration and isotopic composition of respired CO₂ and applied a two-pool exponential decay model to estimate pool sizes and turnover rates of active and slow C pools. The active and slow C pools of surface soils (5-10 cm depth) were increased by elevated CO₂, but turnover rates of these pools were not consistently altered. These findings indicate a potential for C accumulation in near-surface soil C pools under elevated CO₂. Stable isotopes provided evidence that elevated CO₂ did not alter the decomposition rate of new C inputs. Temporal variations in measured δ¹³C of respired CO₂ during incubation probably resulted mainly from the decomposition of changing mixtures of fresh residue and older organic matter. Lignin decomposition may have contributed to declining δ¹³C values late in the experiments. Isotopic dynamics during decomposition should be taken into account when interpreting δ¹³C measurements of soil respiration. Our study provides new understanding of soil C dynamics under elevated CO₂ through the use of stable C isotope measurements during microbial organic matter mineralization.     

武汉市黄陂区青头潜鸭繁殖生态观察初报

2018年4～6月,在武汉市黄陂区境内对青头潜鸭的繁殖行为进行了初步观察,以了解青头潜鸭在该区域的繁殖生境、繁殖行为及繁殖受胁情况等。采用定点观察法观察繁殖前期行为,对2巢青头潜鸭采用录像监控法记录孵化行为及出雏情况。测量了2巢及卵特征参数。发现青头潜鸭4月中旬开始分群,求偶交配,5月初基本完成配对,6月下旬出雏。巢为圆形碗状水面浮巢,巢材主要为草叶及草茎,巢内径(13. 5±7. 78) cm,巢外径(35. 5±6. 36) cm,巢高(21. 5±4. 95) cm,巢深(9. 5±0. 71) cm,窝卵数8～9枚,平均(8. 5±0. 71)枚(n=2);平均卵重(37. 32±4. 82) g,卵长径(50. 94±1. 75) mm,卵短径(37. 32±1. 41) mm(n=17)。孵卵期23～27 d,孵化率为17. 6%。青头潜鸭繁殖受人类活动干扰威胁较为严重,应当加大保护力度。     

Comparison of the effect of Cow manure,Vermicompost, and Azolla on safflower growth in a saline-sodic soil

ABSTRACT

Soil salinity and sodicity are two important factors in land degradation, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Application of soil amendments, such as organic matter, can be a suitable method for improving the fertility of saline-sodic soils. In this research, a saline-sodic soil was chosen, mixed with three levels of 1%, 3%, and 5% (weight) of Cow manure, Vermicompost, and Azolla, and incubated for 5 months at field capacity and a temperature of 20°C. Then, safflower seeds were planted and treatments were placed in a greenhouse for two months. After this period, plant indices were measured. The results showed that the addition of treatments caused differences in safflower growth in comparison to the control treatment. The noted differences were mostly negative for the treatment of cow manure, they were negligible for Azolla, and were positive for Vermicompost. Vermicompost applied at 5% level provided the most suitable substrate for safflower growth in saline-sodic soil.     

泥鳅规模化人工繁殖和苗种培育技术操作规范

近年来,由于生态环境遭到破坏,泥鳅天然苗种数量已经远远不能满足养殖需要;一定程度上制约了泥鳅产业化发展.本文为泥鳅规模化繁殖提供参考.