抗条锈小麦-非洲黑麦渐渗系的分子细胞学鉴定

非洲黑麦(Secale africanumStapf)具有矮杆、异花授粉、抗多种小麦病害等优异性状,在小麦可持续性抗病遗传育种中具有重要作用。利用分子细胞生物学的方法对小麦与非洲黑麦育成的渐渗系材料进行鉴定,发现了抗条锈病的新的代换系和易位系材料,为进一步在小麦染色体工程育种中开展非洲黑麦基因资源的利用提供很好的遗传材料。     

Possibilities for Harvester-based Forest Inventory in Thinnings

This study investigated the possible estimation of forest characteristics using the information collected by the harvester in first thinnings. For the analysis a complete forest inventory was carried out in a stand, which was subsequently thinned. The global mean values of tree diameter, tree height, basal area and stem density were estimated, and further, a spatial analysis was carried out to investigate whether the data collected by the harvester could be used to generate a continuous spatial model of the forest. The results indicated that the global mean diameter and height may be estimated, whereas area-related properties, such as basal area and stem density, are more difficult to estimate. The spatial distribution of the diameter and height remained similar after the thinning, whereas the basal area and stem density had become more homogeneous after the thinning. From the trees removed in the thinning a continuous spatial model of tree diameter was developed. It reproduced the spatial structure of the original trees to some extent ( R 2 = 0.27, RMSE = 14.3 mm).     

象草细胞壁成分与干物质体外消化率关系分析

以提高干物质体外消化率(IVDMD)为目标,在保持一定干物质产量的同时,通过研究象草细胞壁成分与消化率之间的关系,确定影响干物质体外消化率的细胞壁成分,为筛选高消化率象草育种材料和选育品种提供依据.结果表明:矮生多蘖、较高中蘖、较高少蘖以及高大少蘖型于物质体外消化率依次增加,细胞壁成分NDF、ADF、ADL、HEM、CEL含量则依次降低;第一次刈割时的叶片、茎鞘干物质体外消化率均明显高于第二次刈割,同一刈割时期的茎鞘干物质体外消化率显著高于叶片.叶片干物质体外消化率与NDF、CEL含量表现为显著或极显著负相关,茎鞘干物质体外消化率与NDF、ADF、CEL、ADL含量以及ADL/HEM、ADL/CEL、ADL/(HEM+CEL)比值之间表现为显著或极显著负相关.对IVDMD与细胞壁成分进行主成分分析可得两个较为稳定的主成分,一为ADL含量及ADL/CEL、ADL/(HEM+CEL)比值,二为HEM含量及HEM/CEL比值,因此认为ADL、HEM含量为象草细胞壁成分中影响干物质体外消化率的的主要因素.     

Impacts of different spices on in vitro rumen dry matter disappearance,fermentation and methane of wheat or ryegrass hay based substrates

Two completely randomised experiments compared the impact of different spices, each at 30 mg/g substrate DM, on the in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), methane, ammonia and volatile fatty acids (VFA) from either wheat flour (wheat) (experiment 1) as highly or hay based mixtures (experiment 2) as moderately fermentable substrates. Experiment 1 tested the effects of adding cinnamon, clove, coriander, cumin and turmeric, individually, on the rumen fermentation during their in vitro incubations with wheat for 24 h. All spices reduced methane (P < 0.05) from wheat as compared to the spice-free wheat (control). Coriander reduced methane more followed by turmeric, cumin and cinnamon than the control. The IVDMD of wheat did not differ for most spices except cinnamon where IVDMD was reduced (P < 0.05) as compared to the control. Whilst, rumen ammonia was greatest for cumin (P < 0.01) followed by coriander and turmeric, it was lowest for clove (P < 0.01). The spices did not affect the pH and total VFA of rumen fluid for wheat. However, the presence of clove reduced acetic acid (P < 0.05). Experiment 2 tested the effect of only three (coriander, cumin and turmeric) spices individually or together on the in vitro fermentation of hay based mixtures during 96 h of incubation. Whilst all the individual spices or their mixture reduced methane from the hay based mixtures (P < 0.05), the extent of this reduction was highest for turmeric, second highest for coriander and lowest for cumin. It appeared that most spices modified methane emission from wheat as a single ingredient or hay based mixtures without having detrimental effect on diet disappearance or fermentation in vitro. However, the extent of this modification depended on the type of a spice and substrate. Therefore, careful selection of a spice to suit specific feeds would be essential before their in vivo use to modify the fermentation efficiency of ruminant diets.     

Global climate change is confounding species conservation strategies

Most organisms face similar problems with respect to their conservation in the face of global climate change. Here, we examine probable effects of climate change on the hyperdiverse plant family Orchidaceae. In the 20th century, the major concerns for orchid conservation revolved around unsustainable harvest for the orchid trade and, more importantly, land conversion from natural ecosystems to those unable to support wild orchid populations. Land conversion included logging, fire regimes and forest conversions to agricultural systems. Although those forms of degradation continue, an additional suite of threats has emerged, fueled by global climate change. Global climate change involves more than responses of orchid populations to increases in ambient temperature. Increasing temperature induces secondary effects that can be more significant than simple changes in temperature. Among these new threats are extended and prolonged fire seasons, rising sea levels, increases in cyclonic storms, seasonal climate shifts, changes in orthographic wind dew point and increased drought. The long-term outlook for orchid biodiversity in the wild is dismal, as it is for many animal groups, and we need to start rethinking strategies for conservation in a rapidly changing world.     

山楂胚离体培养及四倍体诱导研究

以山楂为材料,研究了幼胚和成熟胚离体培养及四倍体诱导技术。花后40 d的山楂幼胚离体培养的成苗率很低,供试的15份资源的成苗率都小于20%。成熟胚离体培养的成苗率较高,调查的4份资源的成苗率均大于50%。用0.5%秋水仙碱+1%二甲基亚砜的混合溶液处理山楂成熟胚48 h,然后在SC+IBA 0.1 mg.L-1+TDZ 1.0 mg.L-1培养基上诱导芽分化。对秋水仙碱处理成熟胚再生植株进行茎尖染色体数目观察,检测的67个隆化粉肉植株中有3个是四倍体,变异率达4.5%。研究建立了山楂多倍体离体诱导体系,为培育山楂多倍体品种奠定了重要基础。     

冬季施用鸡粪和生物炭对南方稻田土壤CO2与CH4排放的影响

生物炭的利用近年来是农田土壤固碳减排研究中的热点。本研究通过在冬季稻田养鸡,结合生物炭添加,采用箱式法结合温室气体分析仪定量测定冬季稻田和双季稻期间土壤CO_2和CH_4排放通量,分别估算冬季稻田和双季稻期间土壤CO_2和CH_4排放总量,评估生物炭和鸡粪添加对土壤碳排放的影响。结果表明,鸡粪还田处理显著提高了土壤CO_2的排放,冬季稻田和水稻生育期排放量分别达9 935.39 kg·hm~(-2)和27 756.34kg·hm~(-2),比对照增加58.7倍(P0.01)和56%(P0.05);生物炭添加处理冬季稻田和水稻生育期CO_2累积排放量比对照高12.3倍(P0.01)和41%(P0.05)。鸡粪还田处理下冬季稻田和水稻生育期稻田的CH_4排放量均显著高于其他处理;而生物碳添加对冬季稻田CH_4排放无显著影响,但显著降低了水稻生育期稻田的CH_4排放。鸡粪还田配施生物炭处理也显著提高了稻田土壤CO_2的排放。冬季稻田时,鸡粪还田配施生物炭土壤CO_2累积排放量显著高于鸡粪还田处理;而水稻生育期时,鸡粪还田配施生物炭处理下土壤CO_2累积排放量显著低于鸡粪还田处理。鸡粪还田下添加生物碳可以降低因鸡粪还田引起的CH_4排放增加的效应。总之,鸡粪原位还田显著增加了冬季稻田和水稻生育期稻田的CO_2和CH_4排放;无论是冬季稻田还是水稻生育期,生物炭的添加都降低了土壤CH_4的排放,且生物炭添加后期有抑制土壤CO_2排放的作用。因此,从更长的时间尺度来看,生物炭施入土壤有利于土壤固碳减排。     

羔羊体外胚胎高效生产技术研究

该研究旨在比较良种肉羊5周龄、13周龄羔羊激素处理后卵巢卵泡发育及体外胚胎发育的影响.通过FSH和孕马血清促性腺激素(PMSG)处理,比较卵巢上2~8 mm卵泡的数量及体外胚胎的发育情况.结果表明:5周龄羔羊卵巢发育的卵泡数和采集到的卵母细胞数(58.6±1.9、47.4±4.2)都高于13周龄羔羊卵泡数和卵母细胞数(14.4±4.1、11.6±1.7),且差异显著(P<0.05).5、13周龄羔羊卵母细胞受精后的卵裂率(60.0%±1.9%、61.6%±5.2%)及囊胚率(27.4%±2.1%、28.2%±3.7%),两者间差异不显著.     

小麦-黑麦抗条锈病1BL/ 1RS易位系8-2-1的鉴定

利用农艺性状优良的普通小麦品系W770B(2n=6x=42,AABBDD)与墨西哥黑麦(Secale cereale L. 2n=2x=14,RR)杂交,秋水仙素处理染色体加倍,再经过多次与W770B回交,筛选出若干性状优良的衍生系。在大田用抖粉法人工接种条锈病混合菌种(CYR31,CYR32)对衍生系进行多次鉴定,筛选出对条锈病混合菌种(CYR31,CYR32)高抗的衍生系8-2-1。为了明确小麦新种质8-2-1的遗传基础,为该种质的应用提供参考,采用细胞学、原位杂交(genomic in situ hybridization,GISH)、分子标记(SCAR,SSR)、SDS-PAGE、近红外谷物分析仪和农艺性状调查对其进行鉴定分析。细胞学鉴定结果表明,8-2-1具有42条染色体(2n=42=21II);以黑麦DNA为探针的原位杂交(GISH)鉴定结果表明,8-2-1具有黑麦染色体信号;黑麦特异SCAR标记和1RS上的SCAR标记能够同时在黑麦和8-2-1中扩增出特异条带;小麦各个基因组SSR分子标记鉴定结果表明,只有小麦1BS上的SSR标记不能在8-2-1中扩增出目的条带,表明8-2-1为小麦-黑麦1BL/1RS易位系。SDS-PAGE 结果表明,8-2-1亚基组成为Null、7+8、2+12,与W770B(Null,7+16,2+12)在Glu-B1位点编码的HMW-GS存在差异。8-2-1粗蛋白含量（干基）、面筋含量（湿基）达到中筋小麦标准;Zeleny沉降值符合弱筋小麦标准。农艺性状调查发现,8-2-1具有早熟、大穗、大粒等优点。因此,8-2-1可为培育高产、抗病和优质小麦新品种提供重要的中间材料。