几种蚜虫对吡虫啉抗药性的研究

吡虫啉是一种新型高效内吸杀虫剂 ,对天敌较安全[1 ] ,与常用杀虫剂无交互抗性[2 ] ,特别适用于防治刺吸类口器的害虫如绣线菊蚜 ( Aphis spiraeccla)、麦长管蚜 ( Macrosiphumavenae)、棉蚜 ( Aphis gossypii)等 [1 ,3,4] ,但近年来吡虫啉对绣线菊蚜的防治效果明显降低 ,可能是已有抗性产生。国外已对粉虱 ( Bemisia argentifolii)、马铃薯甲虫 ( Leptinotarsadecemlineata)等害虫对吡虫啉的抗药性进行了监测和风险预测工作 [5～ 8] ,但有关蚜虫对吡虫啉抗性的报道很少。作者研究了河北省不同地区棉蚜、麦长管蚜和绣线菊蚜对吡虫啉的敏感…     

Studies on Stimulating Effect of Two Selective Insecticides on the Numbers of Laid Egg by Yellow Rice Borer,Tryporyza incertulas (Walker) and Their Effects on Biochemistry of Rice Plants

Buprofezin and imidacloprid are selective insecticides against Homoptera insects. This paper in-vestigated stimulating effect of the two insecticides on the number of laid eggs by yellow rice borer, Tryporyzaincertulas (Walker) of three generations in 2001 -2002. The results showed that the reproductive rate of emer-gence months during the larvae feeding on the rice plants of Xiushui63 treated with the two insecticides was sig-nificantly higher than that of control, indicating that the numbers of laid eggs by the borer was stimulated fol-lowing buprofezin and imidacloprid applications. However, there was no such effect for the larvae feeding onrice variety Zhendao2 which showed moderate resistance to the insect. In addition, the incidence of stimulatingegg laid for the first instar treated with the two insecticides was greater than that for the third instar. Bio-chemical tests showed that oxalic acid concentration declined, and photosynthetic rate of rice leaves followingthe two insecticide applications declined significantly compared to control, whereas reducing sugar concentra-tion increased significantly for all other treatments of two varieties except Xiushui63 treated with buprofezin.The level of glutathione-S-transferase varied with rice variety and insecticide.     

两种施药方式下吡虫啉在烟草植株的吸收传导分布研究

[目的]比较喷雾和灌根施药方式下吡虫啉在烟草植株的吸收传导分布规律.[方法]进行温室盆栽试验,采用液相色谱-质谱联用方法测定施药不同时间烟草根、茎、上部叶、中部叶、下部叶中吡虫啉含量.[结果]灌根施药方式下吡虫啉能被烟草根部吸收并转运至植株各个部位,而喷雾施药在烟草叶片上原始沉积量较大,通过内吸作用传导至烟草其他部位的含量较低.[结论]灌根施药在烟草植株内输导分布更加均匀,持效期更好,喷雾施药能较好的作用于叶片部位,速效性更好.     

“红姑娘”红薯地下害虫防控效果研究

[目的]探索有效防控红薯地下害虫的方法.[方法]以红薯品种“红姑娘”为试验材料,研究2％吡虫啉、桉树叶、肉桂叶、烟梗肥和茶子饼对地下害虫的防控效果.[结果]2％吡虫啉、茶子饼、烟梗肥、肉桂叶、桉树叶对红薯地下害虫的防控效果分别为81.92％、42.72％、30.45％、26.24％和17.41％.[结论]2％吡虫啉防治红薯地下害虫的效果较好,应进一步试验示范.     

Seasonal timing of neonicotinoid and organophosphate trunk injections to optimize the management of avocado thrips in California avocado groves

The timing of trunk injections of the organophosphate, acephate, and two systemic neonicotinoids, imidacloprid and dinotefuran, was evaluated in field trials for the management of avocado thrips. Following treatments, leaves were sampled over a 6-month period to determine the period of efficacy for each insecticide. The efficacy of acephate was determined using bioassays. Imidacloprid and dinotefuran residues in leaves were quantified by ELISA to determine the window of efficacy for these treatments based on previously determined biological dose response data. In addition, residues in fruit were quantified to determine whether trunk injection of insecticides might present a greater risk for contaminating fruit than traditional application methods. The timing of trunk injection treatments significantly impacted the uptake of imidacloprid and dinotefuran, with mid- and late-leaf flush periods proving more effective in terms of rate of uptake and degree of persistence at threshold levels. Acephate was mobilized very rapidly and gave good control of thrips in bioassays; however, residues of acephate, and its insecticidal metabolite methamidophos, were detected in the fruit for up to 4 weeks after injection. Imidacloprid was most effective when injected during the mid-flush period, which allowed levels to establish within the trees over a period of time when thrips would be actively feeding on young leaf tissue. The establishment of dinotefuran in trees was very rapid following trunk injection. However, its use was compromised by the inability of the chemical to reach effective concentrations for thrips control. Residues of dinotefuran were detected in fruit sampled from one tree, but the levels were below typical MRLs for other crops treated with this insecticide. Imidacloprid was not detected in any fruit sampled from trees in which imidacloprid had established in leaf tissue at concentrations that were toxic to avocado thrips. Overall, trunk injection of imidacloprid could be a viable option for avocado thrips control. However, residues of acephate in fruit may preclude its use because of the requirement for increased pre-harvest intervals. Dinotefuran injections may also be useful due to the rapid uptake and establishment within the canopy; however, it will be necessary to determine whether higher doses of dinotefuran can deliver the required levels of insecticide necessary for thrips control, without contaminating the fruit with residues.     

吡虫啉的杀虫功效

介绍了吡虫啉的基本性质、作用机理,从抗药性、施药方法和药物复配3个方面阐述了影响吡虫啉防治效果的三重因素,同时介绍了吡虫啉在卫生消杀方面的扩展应用,最后提出了今后在其安全问题方面应做的工作。     

新农药防治抗性棉蚜试验

１９９３～１９９５年在太原、临猗等地进行了咪蚜胺、硫丹和丁硫克百威防治棉蚜田间药效试验。结果表明，这３种新农药对棉花苗期蚜虫均有良好的防治效果，尤以咪蚜胺和丁硫克百威的防效最为突出。在棉蚜发生盛期，２５％咪蚜胺可湿性粉剂以２０００倍液喷雾防治，２～１４天的防效可达９５％～１００％，持效期在１４大以上；２０％丁硫克百威乳油以１０００～２０００倍液喷雾，１～５天的防效可达９２％～１００％。试验充分说明咪蚜胺的防效和持效，明显好于对照农药４０％久效磷水剂，是理想的防治抗性棉蚜的替代药剂。     

阿克泰对烟粉虱的防治效果研究

研究了阿克泰的不同施用方法对烟粉虱的防治效果.结果表明:用3 000倍阿克泰药液灌根可以获得最佳防治效果,药后9天,防治效果为94.51%.     

Lethal and sublethal effects of imidacloprid on two earthworm species (Aporrectodea nocturna and Allolobophora icterica)

The chemical imidacloprid is the major component of many widely used insecticides and is relatively persistent in soils. A set of experiments was carried out to estimate the lethal (mortality) and sublethal (weight loss) effects of one of these insecticides, Confidor, on two earthworm species commonly found in agricultural soils. A preliminary experiment in the absence of earthworms showed that imidacloprid was not rapidly degraded, with a decrease of less than 10% after 2 weeks, and that it was distributed in a reasonably homogeneous manner throughout the soil (less than 10% of variation between samples). The LC₅₀ of imidacloprid for the anecic species Aporrectodea nocturna and the endogeic species Allolobophora icterica was between 2 and 4 mg kg^–1 dry soil. This result is consistent with previous findings obtained with other earthworm species and natural soils. When sublethal effects were examined, significant decreases in weight were observed at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg kg^–1 dry soil for the two earthworm species whereas no effect was observed at a concentration of 0.1 mg kg^–1 dry soil (NOEC value). These concentrations are close to 0.33 mg kg^–1 which is the Predictive Environmental Concentration. Weight loss appears to be a valuable endpoint that can be used with worms freshly collected in the field as long as variability in the response of a control is taken into account.     

吡虫啉对小麦产量的影响及其防治麦蚜有效剂量的评价

对不同剂量的吡虫啉防治麦蚜的效果进行了评价。结果表明 ,吡虫啉防治以麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜为优势种群的复合麦蚜种群 ,其经济有效的用药剂量是 1 5～ 30 ga.i./hm2 ;对小麦产量的影响与残余活蚜数、防治时期和防治效果有关。