应用微核试验和单细胞凝胶电泳技术检测农药对蜘蛛的遗传毒性

应用蜘蛛血细胞微核试验和单细胞凝胶电泳试验研究了两种杀虫剂——吡虫啉和阿维菌素对蜘蛛头胸部和腹部的遗传毒性。结果表明:各供试浓度吡虫啉和阿维菌素对蜘蛛血细胞微核率均有明显影响,与对照组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05,P<0.01);且随着两种农药浓度升高,血细胞微核率显著增加,存在明显的剂量效应关系(吡虫啉浓度与星豹蛛头胸部血细胞微核率相关系数r=0.672 8,腹部为r=0.800 6;阿维菌素与星豹蛛头胸部血细胞微核率相关系数r=0.989 9,腹部为r=0.985 8)。吡虫啉和阿维菌素对星豹蛛血细胞DNA损伤有明显的剂量效应关系(吡虫啉浓度与星豹蛛头胸部血细胞DNA损伤相关系数r=0.948 2,腹部为r=0.970 4;阿维菌素与星豹蛛头胸部血细胞DNA损伤相关系数r=0.978 1,腹部为r=0.975 6)。两种农药在同一浓度下,对星豹蛛腹部血细胞微核率和DNA损伤程度明显大于头胸部。     

三种药剂对大豆蚜防控效果试验

为了减轻大豆蚜对三江平原地区大豆生产造成的危害,选取了3种杀虫剂对大豆蚜防控效果进行了研究。结果表明:3种杀虫剂都具有防蚜和增产效果,其中5%的高效氯氟氰菊酯对大豆蚜的防效及增产效果最好,防效达到92.67%,并与其它处理达到显著水平;增产效果达到22.34%,与其它处理达到极显著水平。     

虫道注射两种生物杀虫剂对桉蝙蝠蛾的防治效果

采用虫道注射方法,研究了吡虫啉和阿维菌素对桉蝙蝠蛾幼虫的防治效果。结果表明,两种杀虫剂对桉蝙蝠蛾幼虫平均虫口密度的防治效果为100%。吡虫啉8个月的持续防治效果稍高于阿维菌素,虫害防治效果达到70.4%,而阿维菌素为69.3%;两种药剂对桉蝙蝠蛾有较强和持续的抑制作用。吡虫啉和阿维菌素每孔注射适宜用药量为5ml(1:200)稀释液。     

Sublethal effects of imidacloprid on the burrowing behaviour of two earthworm species: Modifications of the 3D burrow systems in artificial cores and consequences on gas diffusion in soil

Earthworms have been termed ‘ecosystem engineers’ (sensu [Jones, C.G., Lawton, J.H., Shachak, M., 1994. Organisms as ecosysem engineers. Oikos 69, 373-386.]) because of the important roles they play in the soil. As a consequence, it is assumed that if earthworms change their behaviour following exposure to pesticides or pollutants this could have a drastic impact on soil functioning. To test this assumption under laboratory conditions, we studied the burrow systems made by two earthworm species (the anecic Aporrectodea nocturna and the endogeic Allolobophora icterica) in artificial soil cores containing imidacloprid, a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide. After 1-month incubation period, the macropores created in the soil core were analyzed by tomography. In order to further characterize transfer properties associated with burrow systems gas diffusion measurements were also carried out. The burrow systems made by the two earthworm species were very different: A. nocturna made more continuous, less branched, more vertical and wider burrows than A. icterica. Some changes to A. nocturna burrow systems were observed after exposure to imidacloprid (they made a smaller burrow system and burrows were more narrow), but only at the highest concentration of imidacloprid used (0.5 mg kg⁻¹). A. icterica worms were more sensitive to imidacloprid and many differences in their burrow systems (length, sinuosity, branching rate and number of burrows) were observed at both concentrations tested (0.1 and 0. 5 mg kg⁻¹). As a consequence, the continuity of the burrow systems made by both species was altered following imidacloprid treatment. Gas diffusion through the A. nocturna soil cores was reduced but no difference in gas diffusion was observed in the A. icterica soil cores.     

Impact of pesticide seed treatments on aphid control and yield of wheat in the Sudan

Mixtures of imidacloprid and tebuconazole, were evaluated for three consecutive growing seasons, to determine the effects on plant stand, aphid control and wheat grain yield. At rates of 1.05/0.04 and 0.7/0.04 g a.i of pesticide, respectively, per kg of seeds, plant stand per unit area increased compared with their respective untreated control. Both rates of imidacloprid efficiently controlled the maize aphid (Melanaphis maidis) and suppressed the green bug (Schizaphis graminum) for 6–8 weeks after sowing. There were substantial differences among the different treatments in the number of grains/ear and the 1000-grain weight. These differences were reflected in 90% and 30% average increase in the total grain yield of the wheat crop raised from seeds treated with the mixture relative to the corresponding untreated control and a standard mixture of lindane plus thiram, respectively. This strategy of using imidacloprid as seed dressing allowed easy application, gave adequate reliable control of aphids and less hazardous to the environment.     

天津稻区水稻条纹叶枯病发生动态与综合防治

2001—2006年对天津地区水稻条纹叶枯病的上升原因及灰飞虱发生动态进行了调查研究,并对水稻条纹叶枯病的综合防治进行了探讨。研究表明,冬季出现暖冬,春季和秋季雨水偏少,灰飞虱越冬基数增加,春季繁殖系数增大,虫口密度逐年上升是水稻条纹叶枯病上升的主要原因。通过选用抗病品种,调整播种期和插秧期,结合药剂防治,可控制病害的发生程度。     

Biochemical and physiological changes on Bacillus thuringiensis cotton after imidacloprid foliar spray

Bacillus thuringiensis cotton is a variety of cotton genetically modified to contain a gene derived from B. thuringiensis bacteria; which results in expression of toxin protein that confers resistance to bollworm complex (the most destructive pest of cotton). Introduction of Bt cotton lowered the need of insecticides, but still a number of insecticides are used for other insects like jassids, whitefly, aphids and tobacco caterpillar to which Bt gene does not provide effective control. Imidacloprid (tradename Imidacel 17.8 SL) is an insecticide designed for control of these major sucking/piercing insects that affect cotton. So in the present work we studied the post effect of imidacloprid insecticide on plant health of three Bt cotton hybrids (RCH-134, JKCH-1947, NCEH-6R) as there are reports of this insecticide causing growth and yield enhancements in absence of insect pests. Imidacloprid was first sprayed at recommended concentration (40 ml/acre) on 3 months old plants sown in randomly designed plots with three replications of each hybrid. The spray was repeated three times at 10 days interval. The level of B. thuringiensis gene expression, peroxidase activity and total phenols was measured on third day after every spray in leaves along with growth and yield of plants. The insecticide has shown to increase the level of B. thuringiensis protein, peroxidase enzyme activity, total phenols, height, number of bolls retained on plants and yield. These observations suggested that the imidacloprid treated plants showed better growth and development, thereby imidacloprid has growth enhancing effect on Bt cotton plants in addition to its insecticidal properties.