复烤片烟最佳醇化状态下化学成分与感官质量的相关性分析

[目的]分析烤烟复烤片烟在最佳醇化状态下化学成分与感官质量的关系。[方法]选取全国9个烟叶产区达到最佳醇化状态的60份复烤片烟作为试验材料,对化学成分、感官质量及烟气成分进行简单相关性分析。[结果]总糖、还原糖、烟碱、总氮、施木克值、糖碱比等与感官质量相关性显著,K、Cl等与各感官质量指标相关性不显著,浓度与各化学成分相关性不显著,烟气中CO与K、Cl相关性显著,烟气烟碱与各化学成分相关性显著。[结论]该研究可为卷烟加工企业更加合理的储存和使用烟叶提供依据。     

生物炭与氮肥配施对烤烟生长及烟叶主要化学成分的影响

为了探明不同生物炭用量与氮肥配施对烤烟生长及烟叶主要化学成分的影响,以云烟87为试材,通过田间小区试验研究了9种不同的生物炭与氮肥配施比例对烤烟生长及烟叶主要化学成分的影响。结果表明:生物炭与氮肥配施能够调控烤烟的生长,促进烟株的生长发育,加快出叶速度,但施炭量与对烤烟生长的促进作用不呈正相关,当施炭量超过3 750 kg/hm~2、施氮量超过112.5 kg/hm~2时对烤烟生长的促进作用逐渐下降。生物炭与氮肥配施能够在一定程度上促进根系的发育,提高烤烟干物质积累量。生物炭与氮肥配施能够调节烤后烟叶的总糖与还原糖含量至最适范围内,降低烟叶淀粉含量,提高烟叶钾含量,有利于提高烟叶燃烧性。同时合理配施生物炭与氮肥也能改善烟叶的糖碱比、糖氮比、钾氯比使之趋近于适宜值,但当配施比例较低时即施炭量为3 000 kg/hm~2、施氮量为75.0kg/hm~2的配施比例不利于改善烤烟糖氮比以及钾氯比。综合来看,以施炭量3 750 kg/hm~2,施氮量112.5 kg/hm~2的配施比例适宜,烟株的生长发育较快,烤后烟叶的主要化学成分含量适宜。     

Perennial wild plant mixtures for biomass production: Impact of species composition dynamics on yield performance over a five-year cultivation period in southwest Germany

Wild plant mixtures (WPMs) are a promising perennial cultivation system for biogas production with numerous ecological benefits. However, to date, there is little information on their long-term development. To investigate this, two different WPMs (S1, Rieger-Hofmann GmbH, 2016; S2, Saaten-Zeller GmbH, 2016) of up to 27 native, mainly wild species with a combination of annual, biennial and perennial life cycles were established at three sites in southwest Germany in 2011. At Hohenheim (HOH), fertilization was varied (0, 50, 100 kg ha⁻¹ nitrogen) and a split plot design with three replications was used. At Renningen (REN) and Sankt Johann (SJO) single plots were used and fertilized with 50 kg ha⁻¹. Harvest and sample analysis were conducted each year over a five-year cultivation period. The development of dry matter yield (DMY), dry matter content (DMC) and species composition dynamics of the WPMs were investigated.The DMYs varied strongly between the mixtures, sites and years, ranging from 2.9–22.5 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Significant effects of mixture (P < 0.001) and site x age interactions (P < 0.05) were found. On average, S2 had about 55% higher yield than S1 over the five years (S2 accumulated DMY: 50.2–74.2 Mg ha⁻¹ s). For both mixtures, a high number (up to 19) of WPM species were recorded, but this declined over the cultivation period at all sites. The DMYs at REN and SJO increased with time, whereas at HOH the high weed pressure from the grassland pre-crop resulted in decreasing yields. Here, the nitrogen mineralization of the grassland residues was high enough to mask fertilization effects. A good substrate quality for ensilaging (DMC >28%) was achieved at all sites every year except 2011. From these findings, we can recommend the WPM concept based on the S2 mixture as a feasible cultivation system with potentially high ecological benefits, in particular for marginal sites.     

江西武夷山国家级自然保护区高等植物多样性

高等植物是组成生物多样性最重要的成分之一。通过总结近十几年的科研监测成果,以《中国高等植物》、《中国植物志》为依据,对江西武夷山保护区的高等植物名录进行编目整理,共统计到植物271科1141属2820种,其中比重最大的为被子植物152科858属2255种,分别占总科属种数的56.09%、75.20%、79.96%。参照新的国家级和省级重点保护野生植物名录,新增5个国家Ⅱ级、106种省级重点保护植物。国家重点保护野生植物19科23属26种,省级重点保护野生植物34科92属149种。     

汽车ABS制动防抱死系统

文章介绍了防抱死制动系统（ABS）的发展及分类,解释了系统基本组成与其工作原理,并详细阐述了博世ABS系统的控制过程作,总结了检修ABS的一些注意事项,最后选取典型故障案例进行评述。     

Influence of stage of development in the efficiency of nitrogen fertilization on poplar

Poplar cuttings (Populus x euroamericana) were planted in pots and grown in a greenhouse for four months with drip irrigation. Two nitrogen (N) doses of 60 and 120 kg nitrate (N-NO₃^?) ha^?1 (labeling with ¹⁵N stable isotopes) were applied at one (time I), two (time II) and three months after of the plantation (time III). The aim of this study was to determine the N-fertilizer application method that resulted in optimal N-uptake by a short-rotation of poplar crop during first year of growth. Our data revealed that NUE (N use efficiency) was largest in the last part of the experiment. The larger development of those plants at this stage enabled the improved absorption and assimilation of N. Furthermore, ¹⁵N also revealed that supply of N at three months post-planting generated more biomass and increased the N reserves in the stem; a key factor for ensuring the optimum regrowth during the second year.     

籼粳杂交稻枝梗和颖花形成的播期效应

【目的】探讨播期对不同籼粳杂交稻穗粒数形成规律的影响。【方法】以杂交稻偏粳型中熟中粳甬优8号、偏籼型迟熟中粳甬优15号、中熟晚籼钱优2号和常规品种迟熟中粳浙粳88为材料,通过分期播种研究不同类型水稻枝梗和颖花分化与退化的特性及其与籼粳性成分的关系。【结果】籼粳杂交稻甬优8号及甬优15号每穗总颖花分化数均显著高于籼稻钱优2号和粳稻浙粳88;甬优品种的一次枝梗及颖花分化数显著高于籼、粳稻,二次枝梗和颖花分化数以偏籼型品种甬优15号和钱优2号较高,而甬优8号二次颖花分化数与钱优2号的基本持平。随播期推迟,每穗总颖花分化数显著降低,尤为二次颖花分化数,而一次颖花分化数以适期播种最高。甬优8号和钱优2号总颖花分化数以早播显著高于适期播种和迟期播种,甬优15号则以适期播种最高,适期播种能显著提高籼粳杂交稻品种甬优8号和甬优15号的一次颖花现存数,主要体现在稻穗中上部与穗基部、顶部,这与其较高的一次枝梗分化能力有关。不同播期间,各类型品种稻穗不同部位一次枝梗上的二次枝梗分化数从穗基部到穗顶部总体呈下降趋势,而二次枝梗和颖花现存数、二次颖花分化数总体呈现“先升后降”的趋势。其中甬优8号不同部位一次枝梗上二次枝梗和颖花现存数的早播优势主要体现在穗中上部位,钱优2号早播的优势为稻穗中下部,甬优15号适期播种的优势主要体现在穗顶部,而浙粳88迟播的影响主要体现在稻穗基部。相关分析表明,各类型品种粳性成分与稻穗总颖花分化数及一次、二次枝梗和颖花分化数均呈极显著抛物线关系,相关系数分别为0.8172、0.9416、0.9004、0.8718和0.7988。【结论】与籼、粳稻相比,籼粳杂交稻具有较多的枝梗数和颖花数。推迟播期,降低每穗颖花分化数和二次枝梗分化数;早播有利于中熟品种颖花和二次枝梗的形成,而适期播种对迟熟品种的效应较好。不同播期下各类型品种粳性成分与稻穗枝梗和颖花呈极显著相关。     

不同微生物菌剂对芒萁秸秆腐熟过程中腐殖质构成的影响

以芒萁秸秆为材料,采用室内培养试验,研究了4种微生物菌剂对芒萁秸秆发酵腐熟过程中腐殖质形成的影响。结果表明:发酵30 d后4种微生物菌剂处理均显著降低发酵物全碳量、提高胡敏酸含量、降低胡敏素含量,使PQ值和HA/EA比值显著提高,说明微生物菌剂处理对芒萁秸秆腐殖质形成和组分有显著影响,其中木霉菌处理的效果最为显著,适宜作为芒萁秸秆的腐熟菌。     

Seasonal dynamics of bioenergy characteristics in grassland functional groups

Semi‐natural grasslands (SNG) are considered as bioenergy resources, either for combustion or for biogas production. To provide information on the seasonal (June–August) dynamics of herbage quantity and chemical composition, we studied the effects of factors on the proportions of four plant functional groups, chemical composition and total biomass yield at twelve sites representing three Estonian SNG types. Biomass yield increased only in alluvial meadows with the largest contribution of sedges/rushes (39%). Grasses dominated in dry‐to‐mesic meadows (62%) and other forbs in wooded meadows (55%). Concentration of fibre was highest in grasses and sedges/rushes (682 and 645 g NDF kg^?1), and lignin was highest in legumes and other forbs (103 and 113 g kg^?1). Legumes contained more C and N (447 and 25 g kg^?1) and grasses more Cl (1 g kg^?1). The highest concentrations of Mg, K and ash were in other forbs (4, 18 and 80 g kg^?1), and Ca in legumes (16 g kg^?1). The results are discussed in the context of suitability of different functional groups and SNG types for bioenergy conversion. Grasses and sedge‐/rush‐rich biomass are considered suitable for methane production. Biomass harvesting in July and minimizing the problems with N and Cl during combustion need to be considered. Forb‐rich biomass should be pre‐treated before direct combustion.     

蜥蜴对内蒙古典型草原群落多样性和地上生物量的影响

为研究蜥蜴(Phrynocephalus frontalis)活动对内蒙古典型草原群落多样性、地上生物量、群落结构、生活型组成以及优势种生物量的影响,于2012年6月和8月在内蒙古毛登牧场围封草场内布设有蜥蜴样地和对照样地,进行样方调查和生物量取样.结果表明:与对照样地相比,蜥蜴样地6月的Shannon-Wiener指数和均匀度显著降低,8月Shannon-Wiener指数、均匀度和物种丰富度均显著低于对照样地;蜥蜴样地的群落生物量在6月和8月分别比对照样地高68.85和111 g·m^-2;在功能群水平,蜥蜴样地一年生植物和多年生禾草的生物量比例比对照样地增加了19.1%和11.0%,而多年生杂类草生物量比例降低了19.8%;在物种水平,蜥蜴样地羊草(Leymus chinensis)生物量的比例在生长季节初期达到了75.0%.可见在内蒙古典型草原,蜥蜴干扰可使一年生植物和多年生禾草的生物量比例增加,而使多年生杂类草的物种数和生物量比例显著降低;蜥蜴干扰显著促进了羊草的生长;同时会降低群落的物种多样性,提高地上生物量.