高产香蕉平衡施肥技术研究

在肥力较高的老蕉园进行平衡施肥技术研究。结果表明:当第一造蕉氮肥用量达到1000kg/hm2以上及氮钾肥施肥比例N K2O为1 1 15时,香蕉抽蕾提前,蕉果农艺性状及品质较好,产量达到52 5t/hm2的高产水平,获得较好的经济效益;随着施钾比例的增加,香蕉的营养生长受到一定的限制,农艺性状及品质均变差,产量及经济效益均有所下降。在土壤Mg/K=1 37的情况下增施镁肥,香蕉的营养生长受到一定影响,蕉果的农艺性状下降,但固形物与可溶糖含量提高,产量及经济效益明显降低;施用硫肥对香蕉的生长及产量影响不大,但由于增加了肥料成本而使经济效益有所下降。     

基于SCS-CN和GIS的潜在集雨工程位置确定

合理开发利用雨水资源,是缓解水资源紧张状况的有效途径之一。该文采用SCS-CN水文模型计算流域地表径流量;应用RS技术获取土地利用现状数据,在GIS软件平台下对研究区土地利用现状、土壤类型、地表径流量及数字高程等空间信息数据进行处理分析;根据雨水集蓄利用工程技术规范和坡面集水蓄水工程建设一般的选址要求,构建集雨工程位置选择的约束集;结合空间信息和属性数据及约束集,在GIS软件平台下确定潜在的集雨工程的位置。得出结论:适宜修建蓄水池的位置128处、适宜修建拦水坝的位置47处、适宜修建大口井的位置65处。结果可用于指导当地地表径流资源的科学利用,为山区流域综合治理和集雨工程的规划与设计提供科学依据。     

Effect of successive cuttings on uptake and partitioning of 15N among plant parts of Leucaena leucocephala

Summary We studied the effect of three successive cuttings on N uptake and fixation and N distribution in Leucaena leucocephala. Two isolines, uninoculated or inoculated with three different Rhizobium strains, were grown for 36 weeks and cut every 12 weeks. The soil was labelled with 50 ppm KNO₃ enriched with 10 atom % ¹⁵N excess soon after the first cutting. Except for the atom % ¹⁵N excess in branches of K28 at the second cutting, both the L. leucocephala isolines showed similar patterns of total N, fixed N₂, and N from fertilizer distribution in different parts of the plant at each cutting. The Rhizobium strain did not influence the partitioning of ¹⁵N among the different plant parts. Significant differences in ¹⁵N enrichment occurred in different parts. Live nodules of both isolines showed the lowest atom % ¹⁵N excess values (0.087), followed by leaves (0.492), branches (0.552), stems (0.591), and roots (0.857). The roots contained about 60% of the total plant N and about 70% of the total N derived from fertilizer over the successive cuttings. The total N₂ fixed in the roots was about 60% of that fixed in the whole plant, while the shoots contained only 20% of the fixed N₂. We conclude that N reserves in roots and nodules constitute another N source that must be taken into account when estimating fixed N₂ or the N balance after pruning or cutting plants. ¹⁵N enrichment declined up to about fivefold in the reference and the N₂-fixing plants over 24 weeks following the ¹⁵N application. The proportion and the amounts of N derived from fertilizer decreased, while the amount derived from N₂ fixation increased with time although its proportion remained constant.     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对玉米秸秆降解的影响

为研究接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对玉米秸秆降解的影响,利用玉米秸秆为材料制成网袋,采用盆栽试验,以玉米(Zea mays L.)为宿主植物,分别接种Glomus intraradices和Glomus mosseae,于30,40,50,60d时收获后分析玉米秸秆降解量和C、N释放量,并运用Olson的指数模型Bt/B0=e-kt计算玉米秸秆及C、N的降解系数。数据表明,接种G.intraradices、G.mosseae显著提高了玉米秸秆降解量和降解系数,与不接种处理相比,分别高出5.21%,6.26%。C释放量、碳素降解系数也明显增加。接种处理减少了N释放量,且氮素降解系数随时间延长而下降。接种处理玉米秸秆的C、N降解系数不同直接反映了其降解速度的差异,进而影响了玉米秸秆的C/N,使秸秆更易于降解。研究结果显示出丛枝菌根真菌在生态系统氮循环中具有重要意义。     

Nitrogen and Irrigation Management Practices to Improve Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency and Minimize Leaching Losses

Summary

Nitrogen (N) is the most important nutrient for plant growth and production. Nitrogen uptake efficiency is dependent on a number of factors. Water management influences the transformation of N sources applied to the soil and transport of the nitrate form of N in the soil. Nitrate-N is the final product of N transformations and is quite mobile in soils with the water front. Leaching of nitrate below the rootzone is an economic loss and contributes to non-point source pollution of groundwater. In this chapter we summarize the factors influencing the N uptake efficiencies for various crops and production systems, and chemical and biological processes that influence the N transformation or losses. Recent advances leading to development of N and irrigation best management practices that support sustainable crop production and net returns while minimizing the non-point source nitrate pollution of ground-water are also discussed.     

苜蓿秸秆配施玉米秸秆还田对氮矿化、微生物生物量和酶活性的影响

秸秆的质量是影响秸秆还田后氮素矿化的重要因子.玉米秸秆C/N比较高,还田后往往造成对土壤氮素的固持,因此秸秆直接还田要补施氮肥,而在如今的农业生产中为满足对粮食产量的需求,氮肥的施用越来越多,不仅增加了生产成本还危害了土壤质量.在秸秆还田条件下,如何能够更加科学合理地施用氮肥是一个关键问题.该试验在可控条件下,研究苜蓿秸秆和玉米秸秆共同还田对氮矿化、土壤微生物生物量碳氮和酶活性的影响,比较豆科作物秸秆或者氮肥配施玉米秸秆在相同C/N下(25:1)还田对土壤供氮、土壤微生物生物量和酶活性的影响.室内实验共设置4个处理:(1)对照(CK);(2)玉米秸秆单施(M);(3)苜蓿秸秆配施玉米秸秆调节C/N为25:1 (MM);(4)无机氮肥配施玉米秸秆调节C/N为25:1(MF),在25℃下共培养270 d.玉米秸秆单施在整个培养过程中均表现为对土壤氮素的固持作用,苜蓿秸秆与氮肥配施米秸秆均缓解了土壤微生物对土壤氮素固持作用,提高了土壤无机氮含量,苜蓿秸秆配施相比于氮肥配施延长了氮素的可利用性.苜蓿秸秆与氮肥配施提高了土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量以及转化酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性,并且以苜蓿配施处理最高.与玉米秸秆单施相比,苜蓿秸秆配施对脲酶活性影响没有差异,氮肥配施显著降低了脲酶活性.相关性分析表明,氮输入量显著影响了土壤无机氮含量、土壤微生物生物量和酶活性.相比于氮肥配施玉米秸秆还田,苜蓿秸秆配施玉米秸秆还田具有较高的土壤无机氮含量、土壤微生物量和酶活性.因此,我们认为相比于氮肥配施玉米秸秆还田,苜蓿秸秆配施玉米秸秆还田是一个比较好的农业生产实践模式.     

在灰潮土-芹菜系统中包膜尿素和尿素氮的利用和去向

通过盆栽试验研究了包膜尿素(自制)和尿素等肥料在灰潮土中对芹菜生长、氮吸收、产量和品质等的影响。结果表明：在2种质地的灰潮土中施包膜尿素较尿素使芹菜增产11．5％～15．2％,N吸收增加5．9％～9．5％,土壤氨挥发损失N减少12．2％～14．4％,淋失和反硝化N损失减少25．5％～28．3％,N素利用率提高20．1％～27．9％,土壤持留N量占施氮量的32．0％～37．3％;芹菜产品中NO3^--N含量降低44．2％～60．3％,维生素C含量显著提高,品质明显得到改善。     

丝状霉形体丝状亚种SC型脂蛋白LppQ N末端基因克隆与序列分析

脂蛋白LPPQ是丝状霉形体丝状亚种SC型(MmmSC)非洲株、欧洲株和疫苗株所特有的。LPPQ N末端域具有良好的免疫原性，在牛体内可诱导产生强大、特异、早期、持续的免疫反应。本研究根据已发表的LPPQ基因序列设计引物，用Pyrobest^TM高保真DNA聚合酶从MmmSC HVRI X株中扩增出了LPPQ N末端基因序列，并进行了克隆与序列测定。核苷酸序列比较结果显示，HVRI X株的LPPQ N末端基因序列与国外发表的序列同源性为99．7％，由其推导的氨基酸序列同源性为99，1％，为脂蛋白LPPQ N末端基因体外表达奠定了基础。     

西安蔬菜主产区土壤硝态氮累积现状与蔬菜产品、浅层地下水氮素污染调查研究

以西安郊区主要周边蔬菜产区为研究地点,通过分析蔬菜鲜样、菜田土壤2 m垂直分层土样、浅层地下水的水样,研究蔬菜及菜田生态系统氮肥污染现状.结果表明,按我国的地下水硝酸盐含量标准,在选点采样中1.5～3 m深的地下水硝酸盐含量超标,菜田土层土质疏松与浇水次数较多的菜田硝酸盐向下淋洗现象明显,温室较露地2 m深土层硝态氮与铵态氮分布浓度高,菜田2 m深土层中常有硝态氮与铵态氮的聚集峰,不同深度地下水的菜田韭菜硝酸盐含量差异明显.     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒地方分离株S1、N和M基因的克隆与表达

摘要：将IBVSX16株的S1、N和M基因克隆入真核表达载体pVAX1,构建IBV真核表达载体pVAX1-16S1、pVAX1-16N和pVAX1-16M。体外转染BHK-21细胞,用间接ELISA检测到目的蛋白表达,用构建的3个表达载体免疫小鼠,从小鼠血清中检测到了抗IBV抗体,初步证实用IBVS1、N和M基因作为核酸疫苗免疫动物,可以激活机体免疫应答。