污水胁迫下7种草本地被植物耐污性比较研究

本研究选取7种草本地被植物为试验材料,采用双套盆法,研究7种植物在污水胁迫下的耐污性。通过观测植株胁迫期间形态表现,并测定植物叶片中的细胞膜透性变化、叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量和脯氨酸含量等生理指标,运用隶属函数法对7种草本地被植物的耐污性进行综合评价。研究结果表明：随着胁迫天数的增加,7种植物的外部形态存在明显差异性,马蔺（Iris lactea）胁迫前后形态变化最大,基本整株褐化,耐污性最弱。葱兰（Zephyranthes candida）、黄菖蒲（Iris pseudacorus）和波斯菊（Cosmos bipinnata）形态变化很小,其耐污性较强。根据隶属函数综合评价得出马蔺的耐污性最弱,并得出7种草本地被植物耐污性顺序为：波斯菊（Cosmos bipinnata） > 黄菖蒲（Iris pseudacorus） > 葱兰（Zephyranthes candida） > 狼尾草（Pennisetum alopecuroides） > 萱草（Hemerocallis fulva） > 玉簪（Hosta plantaginea） > 马蔺（Iris lactea）,与形态观测记录基本一致。该研究结果可为园林绿地设计和海绵城市建设中植物的选择提供理论依据。     

CRISPR/Cas9在豆科植物毛根转化中的应用及共生基因的编辑

将CRISPR/Cas9系统与毛根转化相结合,在豆科植物百脉根和大豆中对结瘤因子受体激酶基因NFR1进行多靶点敲除,旨在快速、便捷获得目的基因突变体。结果表明:在百脉根和大豆中均获得了目的基因敲除的突变体;其中,百脉根LjNFR1基因中靶位点1处的敲除效率为58.3%,在靶位点2处的敲除效率为0;大豆GmNFR1靶位点1处的敲除效率为33.3%,靶位点2处的敲除效率为41.7%。进一步测序分析发现,CRISPR/Cas9系统可同时敲除大豆基因组上编码NFR1的2个同源基因(GmNFR1和GmNFR1b),为研究植物体内基因的功能冗余提供了技术支持。同时,CRISPR/Cas9系统在毛根转化中的运用进一步地缩短了获得突变体的周期。     

Model legumes contribute to faba bean breeding

Faba bean is an excellent candidate crop to provide nitrogen input into temperate agricultural systems. However, its growth is hampered by several factors including environmental stresses and the presence of anti-nutritional factors. To solve these limitations, breeding programs have been initiated that were successful for monogenic traits but not so for multigenic traits. The large genome size of faba bean has slowed down breeding processes. Several other legumes have emerged as model legumes including Medicago truncatula, Lotus japonicus, Glycine max and Pisum sativum. The establishment of these models has already boosted our understanding of important processes such as the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic interaction. The high level of synteny and collinearity existing between legumes makes possible the transfer of key knowledge from model legumes to faba bean. Here we review the most recent knowledge gained from model legumes on grain quality, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, nitrogen-fixing symbiosis and how this knowledge can be employed for faba bean breeding.     

Long-term effects of establishment practices on plant communities across successive rotations in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantation

Implementation of repeated, high-intensity short rotations in forest plantations raises concerns about the effects of such practices on herbaceous layer biodiversity and overall sustainability. To investigate these concerns, we conducted a comparative study of second and third rotation plant communities in a loblolly pine plantation in the Piedmont of North Carolina. The second rotation stand was established in 1960 using conventional practices and was harvested in 1981, leaving two plots in each of three blocks as “historical” plots representing the second rotation. The third rotation was planted in 1982, and a 2 × 2 factorial experiment was established within an area that had been complete-tree harvested, using two site preparation (drum-chop versus shear, pile, and disk) and two cultural (vegetation control versus no vegetation control) treatments in each of three blocks. Presence/absence data for vascular plant taxa were collected in the second rotation historical plots at year 22 and also in the third rotation treatment plots at year 18 and analyzed using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination, indicator species analysis, analysis of species richness, and computation of species turnover. Results indicated overall similarities in the herbaceous layer from year 22 in the second rotation to year 18 in the third rotation, while revealing some key differences in species composition, including persistence of disturbance-responsive species associated with the vegetation control treatment in the third rotation plots. The addition of these species largely accounted for an increase in species richness from the second to the third rotation. Species composition in low intensity third rotation plots (chop, no vegetation control) most closely resembled that of the second rotation plots of similar age. In addition, differences in species composition due to soil and topographic differences within the study persisted through both rotations, while compositional effects of treatments implemented at the beginning of the third rotation diminished with time. We conclude that more intensive silvicultural practices, such as site preparation and vegetation control, reduce initial competition from woody species and thus permit the persistence of early successional species, increasing overall diversity. From the larger perspective of the entire study, the second and third rotation stands converged to similar species composition after approximately two decades post-planting despite early treatment-related differences in the third rotation. It remains to be seen whether additional harvests, rotations, and intensive practices will continue to support a functioning understory plant community in these short rotation plantation forests.     

西藏主要栽培牧草、作物秸秆营养价值评价

通过对西藏4种栽培牧草和6种作物秸秆的6种营养成分的测定,应用随意采食量、净能估测模型计算了栽培牧草和作物秸秆的分级指数,对其进行了综合评价。结果表明:品质较好的栽培牧草为隆孜紫花苜蓿Medicagosativa、黄花苜蓿M.falcata和江孜紫花苜蓿。作物秸秆品质较好的为土豆Solanumtu-berosum、玉米Zea mays和燕麦Avena sativa。同时运用灰色关联度分析法对其营养价值进行了综合评价,结果表明:栽培牧草营养价值高的为紫花苜蓿和隆孜黄花苜蓿;作物秸秆营养价值较高的有土豆和玉米。运用粗饲料分级指数和灰色关联度分析法对栽培牧草、作物秸秆营养价值的评定结果较为一致。     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

草本植物对铬污染的响应

采用人工模拟盆栽试验研究了重金属Cr6+胁迫对白花三叶草(Trifolium repens)、高羊茅(Festucaarundinacea)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativaL.)株高、丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)含量的影响。结果表明,3种草本植物对重金属Cr6+的耐受能力不同,白花三叶草耐性最强,紫花苜蓿的耐性最弱。Cr6+胁迫导致3种植物的生长均受到抑制。随Cr6+污染质量分数增加,3种植物的叶绿素含量和叶绿素a/叶绿素b比值都呈下降的趋势;MDA含量呈递增的趋势;SOD活性普遍降低;POD活性明显低于对照。     

5种豆科植物对铅、锌及其复合作用的耐性研究

为了给兰坪铅锌尾矿区植被恢复重建以及矿区周边污染农田等修复、生境的改善提供必要的参考依据,研究了不同质量浓度的铅、锌重金属离子单一作用和复合作用胁迫下对5种豆科植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。通过水培实验和无土栽培实验,进行了植物对重金属铅、锌的耐性研究。结果表明：（1）在单一铅、锌作用下,除双荚决明外,重金属对植物种子的发芽力具有低促高抑的作用。紫花苜蓿和三叶草有较强的耐受Pb2+胁迫能力。当铅、锌交互作用时,在铅含量较低时仍具有促进种子发芽的作用;但当铅含量达到一定浓度时,铅对植物的毒害作用骤然增强。（2）幼苗生长受重金属影响：在锌胁迫下,5种豆科植物间无显著差异;而在铅胁迫下,当Pb2+含量增加到1100 mg/L时,紫花苜蓿的表现优于其他4种植物。（3）有265 mg/L Zn2+参与下,Pb2+、Zn2+复合胁迫对植物幼苗生长的影响基本是抑制作用,且随着Pb2+浓度的增加其抑制作用越显著。铅锌交互作用时,一定浓度的锌增加了重金属铅对植物体的毒害作用。     

Effects of various cover crops after peas on nitrate leaching and nitrogen supply to succeeding winter wheat or potato crops

In organic farming systems, it has been demonstrated that grain pulses such as peas often do not enhance soil N supply to the following crops. This may be due to large N removals via harvested grains as well as N‐leaching losses during winter. In two field‐trial series, the effects of legume (common vetch, hairy vetch, peas) and nonlegume (oil radish) cover crops (CC), and mixtures of both, sown after peas, on soil nitrate content, N uptake, and yield of following potatoes or winter wheat were studied. The overall objective of these experiments was to obtain detailed information on how to influence N availability after main‐crop peas by adapting cover‐cropping strategies. Cover crops accumulated 56 to 108 kg N ha^–1 in aboveground biomass, and legume CC fixed 30–70 kg N ha^–1 by N₂ fixation, depending on the soil N supply and the length of the growing period of the CC. Nitrogen concentration in the aboveground biomass of legume CC was much higher and the C : N ratio much lower than in the nonlegume oil radish CC. At the time of CC incorporation (wheat series) as well as at the end of the growing season (potato series), soil nitrate content did not differ between the nonlegume CC species and mixtures, whereas pure stands of legume CC showed slightly increased soil nitrate content. When the CC were incorporated in autumn (beginning of October) nitrate leaching increased, especially from leguminous CC. However, most of the N leached only into soil layers down to 1.50 m and was recovered more or less by the following winter wheat. When CC were incorporated in late winter (February) no increase in nitrate leaching was observed. In spring, N availability for winter wheat or potatoes was much greater after legumes and, after mixtures containing legumes, resulting in significantly higher N uptake and yields in both crops. In conclusion, autumn‐incorporated CC mixtures of legumes and nonlegumes accomplished both: reduced nitrate leaching and larger N availability to the succeeding crop. When the CC were incorporated in winter and a spring‐sown main crop followed even pure stands of legume CC were able to achieve both goals.     

Biomass,nodulation and N2 fixing response by subclover and pink serradela to phosphorus fertilization

In Mediterranean areas, sustainable production of rainfed pastures is associated with plant species which withstand low soil fertility and variable annual drought, phosphorus (P) being the primary limiting nutrient for legume growth and N₂ fixation. A study was undertaken under environmentally controlled conditions to compare the response of subclover and pink serradela to P supply using a moderately acid soil, very poor in available P, in terms of biomass, nodulation pattern, N₂ fixation and P use efficiency. A P dose in the range of 30–60 kg P ha^?1 is recommended as a starter for pastures under the present conditions. A higher P rate reduced the fixing nodule number and biomass, and the N₂ fixation rate. Fixed N₂ per unit of nodule P by pink serradela as monocrop was about 80% greater than the sole subclover, demonstrating its higher efficiency on the use of nodule P. Thus, pink serradela needs a lower P rate to produce the same amount of biomass per unit area as sole subclover. Long-term studies in field conditions, using these and other new pasture legume species are needed to consolidate the present findings.