Ten-year response of the herbaceous layer to an operational herbicide-shelterwood treatment in a northern hardwood forest

Shelterwood seed cutting in conjunction with herbicide site preparation has proven effective at regenerating Allegheny hardwood forests, but the long-term impact of this silvicultural system on herbaceous vegetation has not been determined. From 1994 to 2004, we studied the impacts of operational herbicide site preparation using glyphosate plus sulfometuron methyl herbicides in the context of a shelterwood seed cut. Our study took place on 10 partially cut sites on the Allegheny National Forest in northwestern Pennsylvania. Half of each site received herbicide and half did not in a split-plot design with repeated measures. Fences were erected after year six because deer impact had increased. Resilience of individual species and the community were determined using measures of percent cover by species or species groups and indices of diversity and similarity comparing post-treatment to pre-treatment conditions and controls. In the short term, abundance of all species was reduced and there were four fewer species on average in treated areas. No species was eliminated by herbicide across all sites in the long term. Graminoids were more abundant on treated plots after year six. Targeted ferns remained less abundant on treated than control plots after 10 years. Species richness recovered within 4 years following treatment. Shannon Diversity and Shannon Evenness were greater in treated than in control plots over the full study period, but the differences were not significant in any single year. The richness-based Jaccard index of similarity did not differ between control and treatment plots after year two, while relative abundance influenced indices showed significant differences through year eight. Results suggest that herbaceous layer vegetation is resilient to the disturbance created by herbicide-shelterwood treatments.     

屋顶花园栽培基质中添加海泡石的效果研究初报

在屋顶花园条件下,以葱兰和佛甲草为实验材料,对它们的栽培基质中添加海泡石,通过与未加海泡石的实验作对照,发现,将适量海泡石加入屋顶花园的栽培基中,可明显改良植物的根际环境,提高土壤肥力,提高基质保水供水的能力,使植物生长旺盛,提高抗病能力。但大雨时,加入海泡石的基质,水分下渗慢,基质表层留水量及流水量增大,易冲走混合基质中的轻型材料部分,在坡面屋顶使用时,不宜加入过多。     

落花生,扁豆,黑大豆,绿豆和豇豆的生药学显微鉴定

本文记述了落花生、扁豆、黑大豆、绿豆、豇豆的显微特征,结果表明,5种药材的显微特征清楚,差异也比较明显。     

中草药熬制液配合真空脱气处理对金柑贮藏保鲜效果的研究

对金柑采用以高良姜、藿香为主的中草药熬制液浸果，用塑料薄膜小袋包装，在普通场所贮藏１００天，好果率达９０．９％，比对照提高１７．８个百分点。经中草药熬制液浸果后再进行真空度０．０５～０．０８ＭＰａ，２０分钟的真空短时脱气处理，则效果更好，不但好果率达９３．０％，比对照提高１９．９个百分点，而且果实维生素Ｃ、可溶性固形物、总糖、有机酸含量的保存率分别提高７．７、７．７、７．６和７．７个百分点，呼吸强度下降，有效地延长了金柑的贮藏寿命。     

海堤防护林草本层物种多样性与土壤肥力因子的关系

[目的]分析海堤防护林草本层物种多样性与土壤肥力因子的关系。[方法]以苏北海堤6种主要防护林为研究对象,用多元逐步回归方法来研究影响海堤防护林下草本层物种多样性的土壤肥力因子。[结果]影响草本层物种多样性的主要因子为土壤pH,且呈显著负相关,对草本层物种丰富度、Simpson指数、Shannon指数的解释能力分别达到84.6%、56.1%和59.1%;其次是土壤全磷含量,与草本层物种多样性指数呈正相关,对3个物种多样性指标的解释能力分别为11.3%、32.1%和31.9%;其他入选的因子有土壤含水率、土壤有效磷含量、土壤容重和全氮含量。[结论]营造混交林后,随着土壤pH值的降低,土壤水解氮和有效磷含量有所增加,林下草本层多样性显著提高。     

mRNA 差异显示法筛选黄花石蒜中加兰他敏合成相关基因

目的筛选和克隆黄花石蒜加兰他敏相关基因。方法采用mRNA 差异显示法（mRNA differential display PCR,DD-PCR）, 对7 月份黄花石蒜产加兰他敏含量最高的部位花蕊和含量最低的部位花葶进行基因表达差异的研 究,筛选其差异片段,再对差异片段进行回收、克隆、测序及序列分析和同源性比较。结果黄花石蒜花蕊和花葶中存 在明显的基因表达差异,发现差异条带44 条,经序列分析和同源性比较,确认其中2 个条带与黄花石蒜加兰他敏合成 相关,另一条可能与加兰他敏运输代谢调控有关。结论通过DD-PCR 得到的3 个同源序列为研究黄花石蒜中加兰他 敏的合成途径提供了有力依据。     

紫锥菊根末的安全药理学研究

对健康昆明小鼠连续一周灌服不同浓度的紫锥菊根末生药液,观察其对健康昆明小鼠中枢神经系统、呼吸系统和心率的影响,以考察紫锥菊根末的潜在不良反应.结果表明,紫锥菊根末对健康昆明小鼠的中枢神经系统、呼吸系统和心率均无明显影响.     

Nitrous oxide emissions and methane oxidation by soil following cultivation of two different leguminous pastures

 Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions and methane (CH₄) consumption were quantified following cultivation of two contrasting 4-year-old pastures. A clover sward was ploughed (to 150–200 mm depth) while a mixed herb ley sward was either ploughed (to 150–200 mm depth) or rotovated (to 50 mm depth). Cumulative N₂O emissions were significantly greater following ploughing of the clover sward, with 4.01 kg N₂O-N ha^–1 being emitted in a 48-day period. Emissions following ploughing and rotovating of the ley sward were much less and were not statistically different from each other, with 0.26 and 0.17 kg N₂O-N ha^–1 being measured, respectively, over a 55-day period. The large difference in cumulative N₂O between the clover and ley sites is presumably due to the initially higher soil NO₃ ^– content, greater water filled pore space and lower soil pH at the clover site. Results from a denitrification enzyme assay conducted on soils from both sites showed a strong negative relationship (r=–0.82) between soil pH and the N₂O:(N₂O+N₂) ratio. It is suggested that further research is required to determine if control of soil pH may provide a relatively cheap mitigation option for N₂O emissions from these soils. There were no significant differences in CH₄ oxidation rates due to sward type or form of cultivation. Received: 1 November 1998     

中草药对刺参腐皮综合征病原菌的体外抑菌试验

用改良二倍稀释法和抑菌圈法测定了24种单方中草药和9种复方中草药对刺参腐皮综合征4种重要病原菌灿烂弧菌、假交替单胞菌、哈维氏弧菌和恶臭假单胞菌的体外抑菌活性。结果显示,不同中草药对特定病原菌抑菌效果差异较大,单方中草药最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为1.56mg/ml,中草药水煎剂H-5和H-9对假交替单胞菌的抑菌圈最大,达22mm。单方中草药中穿心莲、大青叶、金银花和川芎4种中草药对4株病原菌抑菌效果最好,其水煎剂对4株病原菌平均抑菌浓度分别为6.25、7.81、5.86和3.52mg/ml;平均抑菌圈直径分别是17.5、11.3、14.0和11.5mm。将筛选的4种单方中草药组成9种复方,复方MIC和抑菌圈均显著好于单方,最低MIC降低到0.20mg/ml。其中复方HC-G和HC-D抑菌浓度最低,效果最好,平均抑菌浓度分别降低为0.54和0.64mg/ml;平均抑菌圈直径分别为15.3mm和16.3mm。试验结果显示,复方最佳配比为穿心莲、大青叶、金银花和川芎=2∶1∶3∶2。该复方可为生产高效专用中草药,以替代抗生素,为刺参健康养殖提供技术保障。     

中草药防治鸡霉形体病的研究

将自然感染MG的土杂鸡,随机分为7组,1、2、3组分别为病毒I号,按每kg体重0.25ml、0.50ml、1.00ml给药,4、5、6组分别为泰乐星,按每kg体重50mg、100mg、200mg给药,2次/d,连续7d,7组为空白对照。投药后,进行临床症状及气囊病理评分、MG血清抗体检测和疗效试验。结果显示:病毒I号与泰乐星在缓解临床症状、减少气囊炎病变率、降低气囊病变程度和死亡率等方面两者均无显著差异(P>0.05),而试验组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。说明病毒I号与泰乐星达到同样的治疗效果。