膨化机三维参数化设计系统的研究

详细介绍了基于机械自动化设计软件Solidworks研制的膨化机三维参数化设计系统的功能结构、人机界面和关键技术的处理方法。该系统完全被封装在Solidworks的一个菜单项下,通过简单的人机交互,输入功率、转速等设计参数后,它就能自动完成整台膨化机的结构设计,包括膨化腔、带轮传动和减速箱传动的全部设计过程,具有一定的智能化,然后根据用户选择输出零件或者装配体的三维实体模型和工程图。零件自动三维造型的实现采用了以尺寸驱动为主,程序驱动为辅的编程思想,并建立相应的膨化机模板零件库。整个系统程序使用VisualC 语言开发,以动态链接库的形式嵌入Solidworks系统,实现了与Solidworks软件的无缝结合。配合Solidworks强大的三维造型、设计和装配功能,极大地提高了膨化机设计的效率、精度和质量。     

ARMA模型参数的分步估计方法

提出了一种ARMA模型的线性估计方法，这种方法通过两次AR模型的估计来实现ARMA的估计。讨论了一维时间序列开环系统、闭环系统的辨识方法及定阶问题。仿真结果表明该方法具有良好的准确度和可靠性，可直接用于结构状态监测。     

异龄林生长的动态分析——兼小兴安岭和牡丹江林区冷杉异龄林的生长分析

异龄林既是一个自然生态系统,又是一个复杂的森林经营系统。一个经营工作者要对异龄林进行高效率的经营,就必须掌握现实林的动态变化规律,以便有目的地制定经营措施。异龄林系统从经营角度出发,可以划分成如下三个组成单元:进界生长量、向上生长量和枯损量。上述三个单元的相互作用构成了异龄林系统的动态变化规律。本文的主要目的就是通过对上述三个生长单元的动态进行模拟,寻找出异龄林的动态变化规律,所用方法是对每个生长单元用多个数学模型进行拟合,再通过统计量分析和实际验证从中选出最理想的模型,并据此对现实异龄林的动态进行预测。证明了以曲线形式反映异龄林的动态变化远优于线性形式。所用材料取自黑龙江省小兴安岭和牡丹江林区的冷杉(Abies nephrolepis)为主的异龄针阔混交林。     

A simple approach to soil loss prediction: a revised Morgan–Morgan–Finney model

A revised version of the Morgan–Morgan–Finney model for prediction of annual soil loss by water is presented. Changes have been made to the way soil particle detachment by raindrop impact is simulated, which now takes account of plant canopy height and leaf drainage, and a component has been added for soil particle detachment by flow. When tested against the same data set used to validate the original version at the erosion plot scale, predictions made with the revised model gave slopes of a reduced major-axis regression line closer to 1.0 when compared with measured values. The coefficient of efficiency, for sites with measured runoff and soil loss, increased from 0.54 to 0.65. When applied to a new data set for erosion plots in Denmark, Spain, Greece and Nepal, very high coefficients of efficiency of 0.94 for runoff and 0.84 for soil loss were obtained. The revised version was applied to two small catchments by dividing them into land elements and routing annual runoff and sediment production over the land surface from one element to another. The results indicate that, when used in this way, the model provides useful information on the source areas of sediment, sediment delivery to streams and annual sediment yield.     

棉花生长发育模型及其在我国的研究和应用进展

棉花是一种重要的经济作物,棉花优质高产高效生产对于我国具有战略意义.棉花生长发育模拟模型从棉花的内部生理过程、外部形态结构及其与生长环境的动态交互出发,实现作物生长发育和产量品质形成过程的动态描述和精确模拟,为棉田生产管理措施的优化决策提供了极大的帮助和便利.本文在综合介绍棉花生理生态过程模型、棉花形态结构模型和棉花功...     

Influence of animal age on body concentrations of minerals in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)

Mathematical modelling of the relationships between mineral inputs and outputs would enable the prediction of mineral requirements of poultry under a wide range of conditions. To establish the feasibility of possible modelling of mineral requirements, the current study aimed to describe the individual mineral concentrations of whole bodies of quail over the life cycle from hatching to 70 days of age. Quail were reared indoors without any restrictions that could limit growth. Sampling of birds (n = 6–18) was carried out at 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 35, 49 and 70 days after hatching. Freeze‐dried samples of whole bodies (digestive contents removed) were analysed for ash, and macrominerals (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium) and microminerals (copper, iron, manganese, nickel, selenium, zinc). Ash concentration followed a curvilinear trend, with a maximum of 101.7 g/kg dry matter at 32.77 days. Individual mineral concentrations, expressed as a proportion of ash, were fluctuating over time, with the most prominent changes at 3 days and again at either 14 or 21 days. Dissimilar patterns in individual mineral concentrations resulted that ratios between minerals followed inconsistent patterns over time. Although mineral contents in absolute quantities can be described through modelling over the entire life cycle of the bird, it can be concluded that variable concentrations of individual minerals could complicate further model development.     

Estimating theoretical radiation‐use efficiency for kale crops

Establishing the radiation‐use efficiency (RUE) of forage brassica crops will aid our understanding of their photosynthetic performance. The concept of RUE has been developed for cereals and legumes, but there is limited information for forage brassica crops. Three experiments defining the influence of different sowing dates on ‘Gruner’ kale (Brassica oleracea acephala L.) dry matter production were conducted at Hastings (Hawkes Bay) and Lincoln (Canterbury) in New Zealand between 2002 and 2009. These trials were also evaluated for radiation interception and RUE. Delayed sowing increased RUE in two out of three experiments across sites: from 1·93 g MJ^?1 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) for December‐sown crops to 2·72 g MJ^?1 PAR (P < 0·001) for January‐sown crops at Hastings and from 1·50 for September‐sown crops to 2·00 g MJ^?1 PAR (P < 0·001) for November‐sown crops at Lincoln. The different sowing dates and years of experimentation provided a range of mean temperatures (from 13 to 16°C) during the vegetative period. Across years and sowing dates, RUE was strongly correlated with mean temperature (R² = 0·81) and sowing date (R² = 0·64), but weakly correlated with season length (R² = 0·11) and dry matter (R² = 0·002). There was also a strong correlation (R² = 0·83) between sowing date and mean temperature. The increase in RUE with delayed sowing was therefore mainly attributed to increased mean temperatures. Radiation‐use efficiency increased at about 0·41 g MJ^?1 for each 1°C increase from 13 to 16°C.     

异龄林生长的动态分析——兼小兴安岭和牡丹江林区冷杉异龄林的生长分析

异龄林既是一个自然生态系统,又是一个复杂的森林经营系统。一个经营工作者要对异龄林进行高效率的经营,就必须掌握现实林的动态变化规律,以便有目的地制定经营措施。异龄林系统从经营角度出发,可以划分成如下三个组成单元:进界生长量、向上生长量和枯损量。上述三个单元的相互作用构成了异龄林系统的动态变化规律。本文的主要目的就是通过对上述三个生长单元的动态进行模拟,寻找出异龄林的动态变化规律,所用方法是对每个生长单元用多个数学模型进行拟合,再通过统计量分析和实际验证从中选出最理想的模型,并据此对现实异龄林的动态进行预测。证明了以曲线形式反映异龄林的动态变化远优于线性形式。所用材料取自黑龙江省小兴安岭和牡丹江林区的冷杉(Abies nephrolepis)为主的异龄针阔混交林。     

Predictions for the timing and use of culling or vaccination during a foot-and-mouth disease epidemic

First-fortnight incidence (FFI) is a modelling parameter that can be used to predict both the prevalence and duration of a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic at regional and national levels. With an indication of how long an epidemic may last by the end of week two, it becomes possible to estimate whether vaccination would be economically viable from the start of an epidemic. Where FFI indicates that an epidemic is unlikely to last for as long as an export ban on agricultural produce, it may be inappropriate to implement a policy of 'vaccination to live'. Alternatively where FFI indicates that an epidemic will equal or exceed the ban length, then the benefits of vaccination should be considered at an early stage, during or after the first fortnight. Since blanket vaccination of the national or regional herds and flocks would be both costly and heighten the risk of producing carrier animals, targetting vaccination through risk assessment becomes useful.