Immunohistochemical study on changes in gill Na+/K+-ATPase α-subunit during smoltification in the wild masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou

Changes in immunoreactivity of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase -subunit in gill sections of wild masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) during the parr-smolt transformation (smoltification) were compared with changes in gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase specific activity. Gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase specific activity increased from April and peaked in May. Immunohistochemical analysis, using an antiserum against a synthetic oligopeptide based on the conserved region of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase -subunit, revealed that immunoreactivity was confined to chloride cells in the surface layer of primary lamellae and the proximal end of secondary lamellae. The size and number of these cells increased gradually from February to May; however, the number of chloride cells of the secondary lamellae decreased in May. These data suggest that the synthesis of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and the proliferation of chloride cells occur prior to the elevation of enzyme activity. Moreover, it is likely the proliferation and hypertrophy of chloride cells on primary lamellae prepare smolts for entry into seawater and migration in the ocean.     

From small-scale habitat loopholes to decadal cycles: a habitat-based hypothesis explaining fluctuation in pelagic fish populations off Peru

The Peru‐Humboldt Current system (HCS) supports the world's largest pelagic fisheries. Among the world's eastern boundary current systems, it is the most exposed to high climatic stress and is directly affected by El Niño and La Niña events. In this volatile ecosystem, fish have been led to develop adaptive strategies in space and time. In this paper, we attempt to understand the mechanisms underlying such strategies, focusing on the El Niño 1997–98 in Peru from which an extensive set of hydrographic, capture and acoustic survey data are available. An integrated analysis of the data is crucial, as each has substantial shortcomings individually; for example, both catch data and acoustic surveys may easily lead to wrong conclusions. Existing hypotheses on anchovy and sardine alternations lead us to a ‘habitat‐based’ synthetic hypothesis. Using our data, an integrated approach evaluated how fish responded to habitat variation, and determined the consequences in terms of fish‐population variability. Various factors occurring at a range of different spatio‐temporal scales were considered: interdecadal regime (warm ‘El Viejo’/cool ‘La Vieja’ decadal scale); strength and the duration of the El Niño Southern Oscillation event (interannual scale); population condition before the event (interannual scale); fishing pressure and other predation (annual scale); changes in reproductive behaviour (intra‐annual scale); presence of local upwelling (local scale). During El Niño 1997–98, anchovy was able to exploit a small‐scale temporal and spatial ‘loophole’ inside the general unfavourable conditions. Moreover, sardine did not do better than anchovy during this El Niño and was not able to take advantage of the ‘loophole’ opened by this short‐term event. Our results question the traditional view that El Niño is bad for anchovy and good for sardine.     

Soybean molasses as an organic carbon source in the farming of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in a biofloc system

Soybean molasses was evaluated as a partial replacement for sugarcane molasses as a carbon source for biofloc development in the superintensive culture of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A 50‐day study was conducted with juvenile (3.2 g) shrimp stocked in 16 800 L tanks at a stocking density of 250 shrimp m^?3. Control of total ammonia concentration was performed by the addition of combined mixtures of soybean and sugarcane molasses to the culture water. Three different molasses treatments were evaluated using different soybean‐to‐sugarcane molasses ratios: 15–85%, 38–62% and 60–40% respectively. The control group was treated only with sugarcane molasses. Water quality, chlorophyll a concentration, heterotrophic bacterial load, Vibrio spp. concentration and zootechnical indexes were all evaluated. Total ammonia concentration was controlled by heterotrophic and chemotrophic pathways. Biofloc formation, as quantified by measuring the total suspended solids, was not altered. The Vibrio spp. concentration showed a significant reduction in treatments with soybean‐to‐sugarcane molasses ratios of 38–62% and 60–40%. All combined mixtures of soybean and sugarcane molasses could maintain water quality and productivity in the superintensive culture of L. vannamei using the biofloc system. Thus, the potential use of a residue from agroindustry as a carbon source in a biofloc culture is demonstrated.     

氯化钙体系制备的褐藻酸钙凝胶特性的研究

采用氯化钙体系制作的褐藻酸钠凝胶,其性能受氯化钙浓度、温度及褐藻酸钠的甘露糖醛酸(M)及古罗糖醛酸(G)的比值(即M/G)影响较大。当氯化钙溶液的温度为50℃、浓度为2.0%时,凝胶的性能最佳;高G的褐藻酸钙凝胶的拉伸强度优于高M的,但是吸水性能却不如高M的褐藻酸钙凝胶。通过红外光谱分析褐藻酸钠成凝胶前后结构变化,主要是-OH峰位置向高波数方向偏移以及C-H伸缩振动变弱,这是褐藻酸钠与Ca2+之间发生交链的结果。     

Effects of dietary lipids on body composition and liver function in juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of dietary lipids on body composition and liver function in juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Diets were formulated to contain 40% crude protein from solvent-extracted menhaden fish meal and 0, 7, 14 or 21% lipid from menhaden fish oil. The basal diet, without supplemental fish oil, contained lipid at 0.4% of dry weight. The diets were fed to groups of 25 juvenile red drum initially averaging 7.3 ± 0.18 g fish^–1 in a recirculating culture system for 8 weeks and weight gain was recorded. After an additional 8 weeks, 16 fish from each treatment were sacrificed and the following measurements were recorded: hepatosomatic index (HSI), intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio, and liver -tocopherol, malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, and cytochrome P-4501A activity (measured as 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity). The activity of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases and concentrations of -tocopherol also were measured in plasma.Weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) affected by dietary lipid concentration, with values ranging from 361% of initial weight for fish fed the basal diet to 527% of initial weight for fish fed the diet containing 7% lipid. The HSI and IPF ratio values also were significantly affected by lipid with the lowest values recorded for fish fed the basal diet and the highest values observed in fish fed the diet containing 21% lipid. Increasing dietary lipid significantly increased oxidative stress as reflected in reduced -tocopherol in liver and plasma and increased MDA formation in the liver, although no overt pathological signs were observed. These findings suggest that lipid concentrations between 7 and 14%, when the diet contains 60 IU vitamin E kg^–1, are likely to limit oxidative stress and result in normal physiological responses of red drum.     

基于卤水的养殖用水中Ca2+/Mg2+对凡纳滨对虾生长及体内SOD和AKP的影响

淡水稀释取自盐场的卤水,调节Ca2 、Mg2 的质量浓度和比例,设置系列梯度,进行凡纳滨对虾的养殖试验,测定生长比速及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)的酶活性。试验表明,过高或过低的Ca2 质量浓度都会影响凡纳滨对虾的存活和生长,在Ca2 质量浓度为320 mg/L,Ca2 /Mg2 为1∶2.5时,其存活与生长最佳;同时SOD和AKP酶活性也最高。酶活性可以指示凡纳滨对虾的生长状况。     

全国农机监理信息系统建设初探

农机安全监理担负着我国数以千万计的农业机械及其驾驶员的行政管理任务,相应的法律法规要求采用计算机管理系统来对此进行处理并能够及时地将有关信息传送到全国农机监理信息系统。由于全国统一的农机监理信息系统尚未建立,因此提出了构建全国农机监理信息系统数据库标准,即采用B/S模式进行应用程序开发,通过多种网络连接全国各地农机监理业务计算机,从而实现信息共享与网上办公的解决方案。     

柚三倍体种子败育过程观察及内源激素消长动态

以柑橘异源四倍体为父本与单胚性柚杂交后,其三倍体种子的集中败育期为授粉后90～110 d,在柚的第2次生理落果(授粉后60d)之后,即三倍体种子的集中败育不会引起柚的大量落果.采用固相抗体型酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)对柚三倍体种子及果肉中GA1/3、ABA的检测可知,随着种子的成熟或败育,GA1/3含量较低(0.019～0.025 nmol·g-1),并呈下降趋势,ABA含量上升至最大值10.84nmol·g-1.同一发育时期,果肉中ABA含量缓慢上升,GA1/3含量也有波动,但GA1/3一直处于主导地位,因此柚三倍体种子虽大量败育,引起果实发育的暂时变缓,但并不能改变或阻止果实的正常发育进程.     

2种头孢氨苄片在比格犬体内的药代动力学及生物等效性试验

【目的】研究头孢氨苄片受试制剂和参比制剂在比格犬体内的生物等效性。【方法】采用双周期和双序列交叉设计,将22只健康比格犬随机分成2组,按30 mg/kg BW分别单剂量口服头孢氨苄片受试制剂Trolevis~?300和参比制剂Rilexine~?300,于给药前(0 h)和给药后0.5、1、1.5、2、2.5、3、4、6、8、12、17和24 h从臂头静脉采血。对超高效液相色谱串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)方法进行特异性、线性、检测限、准确度、精密度、稳定性等方法学考察。利用建立好的UPLC-MS/MS方法测定血浆中的药物浓度,并用WinNonlin^TM 8.1软件对药代动力学参数进行分析计算。【结果】方法学结果显示,在100～5 000 ng/mL浓度范围内相关性良好,相关系数(R²)≥0.99,标准曲线方程为y=10.6828x-176.481;高、中、低3个浓度的相对回收率平均值分别为105.63%、104.35%和102.40%;日内和日间变异系数均<15%;检测限为50 ng/mL,定量限为100 ng/mL。药代动力学结果...     

Therapeutic Potential of Phlorotannin-Rich Ecklonia cava Extract on Methylglyoxal-Induced Diabetic Nephropathy in In Vitro Model

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) play a vital role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Methylglyoxal (MGO), one of the major precursors of AGEs, is a highly reactive dicarbonyl compound that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. This study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of phlorotannin-rich Ecklonia cava extract (ECE) on MGO-induced diabetic nephropathy in in vitro models using mouse glomerular mesangial cells. ECE showed anti-glycation activity via breaking of AGEs-collagen cross-links and inhibition of AGEs formation and AGE-collagen cross-linking formation. The renoprotective effects were determined by assessing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MGO accumulation, cell apoptosis, and the Nrf-2/ARE signaling pathway. MGO-induced renal damage, intracellular ROS production level, and MGO-protein adduct accumulation were significantly decreased by pretreating ECE. Moreover, ECE pretreatment exhibited preventive properties against MGO-induced dicarbonyl stress via activation of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway and reduction of RAGE protein expression in mouse glomerular mesangial cells. Collectively, these results indicated potential anti-glycation properties and prominent preventive effects of ECE against MGO-induced renal damage. Additionally, ECE may be utilized for the management of AGE-related diabetic nephropathy.