Effect of meal size modulation on growth performance and feeding rhythms in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.)

The combined effect of feeding time and meal size on the growth performance and feeding rhythms were studied in European sea bass maintained under natural summer–autumn conditions. Three feeding strategies were compared: a modulated automatic-feeding (MF), a fixed automatic-feeding (FF) and a free access to self-feeders (SF). Under MF, feed was supplied in meals of different size, three times a day (morning, afternoon and evening, 33.33:16.67:50% of daily feed ration, respectively) during the first (31 days) and second (35 days) period of the experiment, and twice a day (morning and evening, 33.33:66.67% of daily feed ration, respectively) during the third period (27 days). In FF feed was supplied in equally-sized meals, three times a day (morning, afternoon and evening, 33.33:33.33:33.33% of daily feed ration) in all three periods of the experiment. Under SF, fish showed a diurnal self-feeding pattern, with the greatest percentage of self-feeding activity concentrated in the evening. In MF and FF, although feed was delivered automatically, the trigger was left in the tank to register activations as an indicator of feeding activity. The trigger activation of both treatments MF and FF was associated with the time of feed delivery. Feeding strategies affected biomass increase, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), the greatest biomass increase and highest SGR being obtained with MF and the poorest FCR with FF. The results demonstrate that automatic-feeding systems, in which the quantity of feed supplied is modulated in accordance with the natural feeding rhythms of sea bass, may improve growth and feed efficiency.     

Influence of temperature on protein utilization in juvenile European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

The aim of this trial was to study the utilization of dietary protein by seabass juveniles with 5.5 g mean body weight, at two water temperatures: 18°C and 25°C. For that purpose, the fish were fed for 12 weeks, four isoenergetic diets with different protein levels (36, 42, 48, and 56%). At the end of the trial, growth rate and feed utilization were significantly better at the higher water temperature. Within each temperature, specific growth rate and feed efficiency were significantly higher with the 48 and 56% protein diets than with the other diets. At 25°C, feed efficiency was also significantly better with the 56% than with the 48% protein diet. N retention (g kg average body weight⁻¹ day⁻¹) was higher at 25°C than at 18°C but, as a % N intake the inverse was true. Although at 25°C N retention (% N intake) was not different among groups, retention in g kg ABW⁻¹ day⁻¹ was significantly higher with the 56% protein diet than with 36 and 42% protein diets. On the contrary, at 18°C N retention (g kg ABW⁻¹ day⁻¹) was similar among groups while as a percentage of N intake it was inversely related to the dietary protein level. Regarding energy utilization, at each temperature, there were no differences among dietary treatments on energy retention (g kg ABW⁻¹ day⁻¹). As a % of energy intake, energy retention significantly increased with the increase of dietary protein level at 25°C, while at 18°C, there were no significant differences among groups. Within each temperature, at the end of the trial, there were no differences among groups in proximate composition of whole fish. Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, protein and energy significantly improved with the increase of water temperature but, within each temperature, there were no significant differences among groups. The results of this study indicate that, regardless of water temperature, the dietary protein requirement for growth seems to be satisfied with a diet containing 48% protein. Growth and feed efficiency were significantly higher at the higher temperature, however, protein utilization was more efficient at the lower temperature.     

饲粮铬对0—3周龄肉鸡生长,血清生化特性和免疫功能的影响

用１日龄Ａｒｂｏｒ Ａｃｒｅｓ（ＡＡ）商品代肉公鸡３８４只,研究饲粮添加铬源与铬水平对００－３周龄肉鸡生长,血清生化特性和免疫功能的影响。试鸡按体重随机分成８组,分别喂以添加铬的玉米－豆粕型基础饲粮（含铬０．３４ｍｇ／ｋｇ）及这种基础饲粮分别添加０．４,２．０,１０．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ铬分别源于三氯化铬和酵母铬的饲粮以及２０．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ铬源于三氯化铬的饲粮。     

长白山区松口蘑的生态习性及驯化栽培

松口蘑是珍稀濒危的食用、药用真菌．该菌生态习性特殊,目前仍处于野生或半人工栽培状况．长白山区松口蘑发生地的植被结构简单,土壤呈酸性,养分含量低,松口蘑的发生量与气温和降水关系密切．松口蘑的半人工栽培理论和实践揭示了松口蘑的适应性和驯化潜能,进行人工栽培应以松口蘑纯培养菌种制作为突破口,通过改善栽培条件和利用有益微生物来扩大松口蘑菌种的适应性和变异性,挖掘驯化潜能,增强松口蘑菌种与赤松幼根的结合力,造就人工菌根,进而实现应用纯培养菌种林地栽培松口蘑     

不同短日照对不同叶龄谷子生长发育的影响

谷子是短日照作物,短日照处理可以减少单株叶片数,促进出叶速度,从而提前抽穗,缩短育种进程。谷子在五叶期时,给予8h短日照光周期处理效果最显著。     

甜荞叶龄模式、叶片生长速度与叶形指数

试验结果表明,甜荞第１ ～１０ 层真叶叶龄模式的回归方程为 Ｙ ＝ ４ ．３３ ＋ ３ ．１４ Ｘ 。叶片长、宽和面积从下至上逐叶增大,第４ 叶最大,往上逐渐减小,顶部叶片最小。叶形指数的变化趋势与叶片大小的变化趋势相反,以顶部叶片最大,第３ 叶最小。３ 叶期为植株体内的转折期     

不同形态氮素配比对地膜烟的生长及烟叶品质和产量影响

 研究云南旱地烤烟生产在采用地膜栽培技术条件下,NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N不同配比对烟株生长及烟叶品质和产量的影响。研究结果表明:100%的NH₄⁺-N或NO₃^--N都对烟株生长及烟叶的品质均产生不利影响;烟叶的产量及上等烟比例有随 NH₄⁺-N比例增加而提高的趋势。在一定范围内烟叶中总糖、烟碱、K的含量随NH₄⁺-N比例的增加而升高,总N含量则呈下降趋势。因此,在烟草生产中施用的N肥应注意到两种形态N肥的合理配合,不应只片面强调某一种N素形态的肥料施用。     

渍前和渍后喷施外源调节物质对花期渍水小麦生长和产量减损效应的差异

为明确渍前和渍后施用外源物对长江中下游地区渍水小麦生长和产量减损效应的差异,以当地主栽品种扬辐麦4号为供试材料,对渍前和渍后喷施外源调节物质(DDTC、GA、肥料元素和复配外源物)后花期渍水胁迫下小麦光合与叶绿素荧光特性、干物质积累与转运及籽粒产量进行了比较分析。结果表明,花期渍水胁迫后小麦光合性能减弱,光能利用和电子传递受阻,花后光合同化物积累减少,籽粒灌浆速率降低,粒重和产量下降。渍前和渍后喷施外源调节物质均可提高花期渍水小麦的叶片光合性能,增强叶片光能利用和电子传递能力,促进籽粒中花后光合同化物积累,提升籽粒灌浆速率以及粒重,从而增加籽粒产量。与渍后喷施相比,渍前喷施外源物能够有效提高花期渍水小麦的叶片光合速率、光化学效率和叶绿素含量以及降低热耗散;渍前喷施外源物能够有效促进花期渍水小麦的花后光合同化物积累,降低花前营养器官贮藏物转运;渍前喷施外源物能够有效提升花期渍水小麦的籽粒灌浆速率,促进粒重和籽粒产量增加。综上所述,与渍后喷施相比,渍前喷施外源调节物质能够有效提升花期渍水小麦光合性能,促进干物质积累与转运以及降低籽粒产量损失,从而减少渍水胁迫对小麦生长和产量的不利影响,其中...     

双齿围沙蚕与赤子爱胜蚓对凡纳滨对虾生长和免疫指标的影响

以鲜活饵料双齿围沙蚕（Perinereis aibuhitensis）、赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetida）和人工配合饵料投喂凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei），并测定各种饵料对其生长和免疫指标的影响。结果表明，沙蚕和蚯蚓单独投喂或与人工配合饵料配合投喂都可显著提高凡纳滨对虾的生长速率，但用沙蚕单独投喂的对虾成活率较低。蚯蚓与人工配合饵料配合投喂可显著提高对虾血清中抗菌活力、溶菌活力、酚氧化酶活力和血细胞数量；蚯蚓单独投喂可显著提高血清中抗菌活力、酚氧化酶活力和血细胞数量，对血清中溶菌活力作用不明显。沙蚕与人工配合饵料配合投喂可显著提高对虾血清中抗菌和溶菌活力．但对血清中酚氧化酶活力和血细胞数量变化作用不明显；单独投喂沙蚕对所测各项免疫指标影响均不显著。研究结果证实：利用蚯蚓和沙蚕可显著提高对虾的生长速率，但蚯蚓的饵料效果优于沙蚕。[中国水产科学，2006，13（4）：561—565]     

High stocking density and food restriction have minimum impact on size dispersal of cultured Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup 1858) juveniles. Evidence for individual growth being regulated by population structure

The individual growth being regulated by population structure was studied in cultured populations of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup) juveniles. Soles constituting an initial population were individually tagged and their specific growth rates (SGR) registered after two months of growth. Fish were then graded in order to achieve four new subpopulations based in their previous growths and cultured for other additional 60 days. Three subpopulations consisted of individuals that had previously shown an average SGR (% day⁻¹) of 1.04 ± 0.3, 0.66 ± 0.1 and 0.18 ± 0.1, respectively. A fourth sole subpopulation was established from randomly selected juveniles to constitute the ungraded control group. Growth of the three subpopulations originally graded according to high (1.04% day⁻¹), medium (0.66% day⁻¹) and low (0.18% day⁻¹) SGR soles, was always similar (P > 0.05) at any time (close to 0.60% day⁻¹). SGR distributions along time revealed a tendency of the three subpopulations to achieve similar growth rate dispersals to that of the ungraded group after 60 days of culture.The individual growth of sole juveniles was also determined in populations that were subject to increased stocking density and food restriction. Soles stocked at high density (N = 110 fish tank⁻¹; 30.97 ± 0.8 kg m⁻²) showed an increased growth standard deviation when compared with individuals kept at low density (N = 20 fish tank⁻¹; 6.20 ± 0.2 kg m⁻²). In contrast, it was found that population growth dispersal was unaffected in soles fed at a daily ration of either 0.25% or 1.0% of their biomass. Minimum consequences on overall size dispersal in terms of ΔCV were found when high stocking and restricted food ration conditions were compared to control groups. Overall results from this work indicate that individual growth of captive juvenile soles was mainly regulated at a population level, existing a strong tendency to achieve a social arrangement in terms of growth. High stocking density and low feeding ration assay suggests that potentially competitive rearing conditions do not contribute to increase population size dispersal during intensive production of S. senegalensis.