施氮量对川西平原酿酒小麦原粮及其酿酒品质的影响

为明确施氮量对酿酒小麦原粮品质和酿酒品质的影响,以绵麦902和中科紫糯麦168（糯性）两个小麦品种为材料,设置6个施氮量（0、45、90、135、180、225 kg·hm^-2）,对小麦产量、原粮品质和酿酒品质进行了分析。结果表明：（1）两供试小麦品种的产量和有效穗数无显著差异;随施氮量增加,两品种的有效穗数、穗粒数及产量增加,均在施氮225 kg·hm^-2达最大值。（2）随施氮量增加,两个小麦品种的籽粒蛋白质、脂肪和灰分含量增加,均在135 kg·hm^-2处理下较高;淀粉含量和粉质率降低,绵麦902直链淀粉含量和直支比均以180 kg·hm^-2处理最高,分别为22.6%和0.641,支链淀粉含量以45 kg·hm^-2处理最高,为 42.6%;中科紫糯麦168直链淀粉含量和直支比均以45 kg·hm^-2处理最高,分别为3.9% 和0.058,支链淀粉含量以90 kg·hm^-2处理最高,为69.3%。（3）与中科紫糯麦168相比,绵麦902出酒率较高,总酸、总酯含量较低,增施氮肥显著降低总酸含量,显著增加总酯含量;施氮90~135 kg·hm^-2范围内两品种出酒率较高,总酸和总酯含量较协调;（4）相关分析表明,出酒率与直链淀粉含量和粉质率呈显著和极显著正相关,与脂肪含量呈极显著负相关;总酸含量与总淀粉、支链淀粉和脂肪含量呈显著正相关,与粉质率呈显著负相关;总酯含量与灰分含量呈显著负相关。本研究认为,绵麦902和中科紫糯麦168酿酒品质各具优势,绵麦902出酒率高,中科紫糯麦168具有更好的产酯特性;在90 ~135 kg·hm^-2施氮范围内,两品种蛋白质含量较适宜,总淀粉和支链淀粉含量较高,灰分含量高,脂肪含量适宜,出酒率和总酸含量也较高,是川西平原酿酒小麦较佳施氮量范围。     

Crop structure in winter oats and the effect of nitrogen on quality-related characters

The relationship between panicle structure and oat grain quality characteristics was examined in a winter oat (Avena sativa) experiment, cv. Gerald, fertilized with 80 and 200 kg/ha N. Spikelets on each whorl were counted and separated into primary, secondary, and tertiary grains, which were counted and weighed, and the kernels extracted manually and weighed. Tiller and whorl rank had relatively small effects on weight per grain and kernel content. Nitrogen application significantly increased weight per primary and secondary grain on the main stem and T1, the first tiller, while spikelet and grain numbers increased only on T1. However, weight per grain and kernel contents in all whorls on both the main stem and T1 were not significantly affected by nitrogen. Although kernel contents were significantly affected by nitrogen application on some occasions, increases and decreases were less than 2.5%. Across the whole plant, numbers of primary and secondary grains increased at the higher nitrogen application, but weight per primary grain and kernel contents were unaffected. However, weight per secondary grain significantly increased at the higher nitrogen application, thus improving uniformity of grain size which is of value to millers.     

Wheat grain quality under increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations in a semi-arid cropping system

We investigated wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain quality under Free Air CO₂ Enrichment (FACE) of 550 ± 10% CO₂ μmol mol⁻¹. In each of two full growing seasons (2008 and 2009), two times of sowing were compared, with late sowing designed to mimic high temperature during grain filling. Grain samples were subjected to a range of physical, nutritional and rheological quality assessments. Elevated CO₂ increased thousand grain weight (8%) and grain diameter (5%). Flour protein concentration was reduced by 11% at e[CO₂], with the highest reduction being observed at the late time of sowing in 2009, (15%). Most of the grain mineral concentrations decreased under e[CO₂] - Ca (11%), Mg (7%), P (11%) and S (7%), Fe (10%), Zn (17%), Na (19%), while total uptake of these nutrients per unit ground area increased. Rheological properties of the flour were altered by e[CO₂] and bread volume reduced by 7%. Phytate concentration in grains tended to decrease (17%) at e[CO₂] while grain fructan concentration remained unchanged. The data suggest that rising atmospheric [CO₂] will reduce the nutritional and rheological quality of wheat grain, but at high temperature, e[CO₂] effects may be moderated. Reduced phytate concentrations at e[CO₂] may improve bioavailability of Fe and Zn in wheat grain.     

吉林省玉米杂交种商品品质概述

通过对2004年吉林省市场上推广的134个品种的商品品质进行分析。结果表明,目前吉林省商业杂交种大多数容重都达到了国标二级标准,但晚熟品种整体水平较低。供试品种的子粒平均含水量37.1%。随着熟期的延长,含水量不断增高。     

小麦籽粒谷蛋白大聚合体粒度分布特征及对氮素的响应

为了给小麦品质改良提供依据,以强筋小麦品种藁城8901和弱筋小麦品种山农1391为材料,设置不同氮素水平,研究了籽粒谷蛋白大聚合体(GMP)颗粒粒径分布特征及对氮素水平的响应.结果表明,小麦籽粒GMP颗粒粒径范围为0.375～200 μm.GMP颗粒体积分布总体上呈双峰曲线变化,＜12 μm的GMP颗粒体积百分比为11.2％～45％,＞12 μm的GMP颗粒体积百分比为55.0％～88.8％.与弱筋小麦山农1391相比,强筋小麦藁城8901有较高比例的＞12 μm颗粒.GMP颗粒数目分布表现为单峰分布,＜4 μm和＜12 μm的颗粒数目百分比分别为97.5％～98.0％和99.9％,表明小麦GMP颗粒中绝大多数为＜4 μm的小颗粒.在施氮0～240 kg·hm-2范围内,随着施氮量的增加,＜12 μm颗粒体积百分比显著降低,12～90 μm、＞90 μm颗粒体积百分比增加,说明适量施氮能够显著提高GMP大、中颗粒比例.过量氮素不利于小麦籽粒谷蛋白大聚合体的形成.     

孕穗期叶面喷素对小麦穗粒数和粒重的影响

为探讨孕穗期叶面喷素对小麦穗粒数和粒重的调控效应,于2014-2015年在河南农业大学科教示范园区进行试验,以半冬性品种豫麦49-198为供试材料,在小麦拔节后25d(4月6号),以清水为对照,叶面分别喷施硼砂(B)、6苄基腺嘌呤(6-BA)、6-BA+B、奇善宝(QSB)、双增1号(CPD),对不同喷素条件下小花败育速率和籽粒灌浆进程及其成熟后小麦穗部性状进行观察和分析。结果表明,与对照相比,不同喷素处理均能降低小花的败育速率,显著增加小麦不同部位的小穗粒数和粒重。对小麦各部位小穗粒数的促进效果,以CPD处理对小麦下、中部小穗粒数提高幅度最大,分别较对照增加了1.95个和4.85个;对不同部位小穗粒重的促进效果,也以CPD处理效果最佳,使小麦下、中和上部小穗粒重分别较对照提高了11.97%、5.87%和9.32%。     

不同干豆豆浆机制备豆浆的主要品质评价

以大豆为原料选用我国2个主导品牌的3款豆浆机(九阳精磨豆浆机、九阳无网干豆豆浆机、美的无网干豆豆浆机)制作豆浆,从蛋白质含量、蛋白质回收率、豆浆颗粒度及感官特性等方面对豆浆品质进行评价.结果表明:豆浆的蛋白含量为1.72%～2.66%,蛋白回收率为47.13%～68.66%,带有精磨器的豆浆机制备的豆浆蛋白含量及蛋白回...     

籽粒苋鲜茎叶蛋白质含量及叶蛋白提取效率研究

对Ｋ１１２、Ｒ１０４等８个籽粒苋品种分不同时期进行了鲜茎叶蛋白含量分析和叶蛋白提取试验研究。结果表明,籽粒苋属于高蛋白质含量作物,全生育期叶蛋白含量平均达２８．７６％,采穗后茎叶平均蛋白质含量仍可达１１．１５％,其最佳利用时期为现蕾期至开花期,其中Ｒ１０４、Ｒ１０１１、Ｋ５７４蛋白质含量较高。     

灌浆期不同阶段高温胁迫对春小麦籽粒生长的影响

灌浆期短暂高温胁迫严重影响小麦产量。为了明确灌浆期不同阶段短暂高温胁迫对春小麦籽粒生长的影响,以强筋春小麦品种龙麦26和龙麦30为试材,在人工气候室(25℃/15℃)精确控温和人工温室形成绝对高温胁迫的条件下,分析了灌浆期不同阶段5d短暂高温胁迫对粒重的影响。结果表明,在灌浆期不同阶段短暂高温胁迫处理中,两个小麦品种均表现为:前期高温胁迫对粒重影响最大,达极显著水平(P0.01);随着高温胁迫处理时期的后移,粒重降低幅度逐渐减小;后期(花后25d)高温胁迫对粒重影响不显著。灌浆期缩短是导致粒重降低的主要原因。     

小麦籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白表达对干旱胁迫的响应

为了解干旱胁迫对小麦籽粒灌浆期蛋白表达的影响,以强筋优质小麦品种藁城8901为材料,采用双向电泳以及质谱鉴定分析了干旱胁迫和正常生长条件下成熟籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白表达谱的差异。结果表明,与正常生长条件相比,干旱胁迫后,小麦籽粒出现130个差异蛋白质点。通过MALDI TOF-TOF质谱鉴定和数据库搜索,最终成功鉴定出57个差异蛋白,其中上调表达29个,下调表达19个,特异表达7个,沉默表达2个;涉及ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶、α-淀粉酶抑制剂、过氧化还原酶、β-淀粉酶、二硫键异构酶、丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂、超氧化物歧化酶等13种蛋白质,其中代谢类10个,能量类2个,蛋白质加工和储藏6个,病害防御相关17个,转录1个,功能未知和假定蛋白21个。说明干旱胁迫影响小麦籽粒灌浆期的多个代谢途径,进而影响小麦产量和品质。