A comparative analysis of water application and energy consumption at the irrigated field level

Most government policies and community perception of the irrigation sector promotes the conversion from gravity-fed to pressurised irrigation methods as a way of reducing water consumption by the irrigation sector. However, optimising for one aspect of a system can have unintended resource and environmental consequences e.g. an increase in energy consumption patterns of irrigated crops. Two Australian irrigation areas were studied: a surface-water supplied region in New South Wales; and a groundwater dependent region in South Australia. The water and energy budgets for crop production from land preparation to harvest were quantified on several farms. Converting from flood to pressurised systems resulted in a reduction in water application of between 10% and 66%. However, in the surface-water supplied region, it also resulted in energy consumption being increased by up to 163%. In the groundwater dependent region, energy consumption was reduced by 12% to 44%. There is potential to reduce energy consumption due to increased water use efficiency, resulting in less water being pumped due to efficiency gains. Therefore, to optimise energy and water use, it is recommended that pressurised irrigation systems be used in areas requiring pressurised extraction of groundwater, while efficient gravity based irrigation methods, coupled with good management practices, be promoted in surface-water supplied areas.     

Systematic design and evaluation of crop rotations enhancing soil conservation, soil fertility and farm income: a case study for vegetable farms in South Uruguay

Rapid changes in the social and economic environment in which agriculture is developing, together with the deterioration of the natural resource base threatens sustainability of farm systems in many areas of the world. For vegetable farms in South Uruguay, survival in the long term depends upon the development of production systems able to reduce soil erosion, maintain or improve physical and biological soil fertility, and increase farmer’s income to socially acceptable levels. We propose a model-based explorative land use study to support the re-orientation of vegetable production systems in South Uruguay. In this paper we present a new method to quantitatively integrate agricultural, environmental and socio-economic aspects of agricultural land use based on explicit design objectives. We describe the method followed to design and evaluate a wide variety of land use activities for Canelón Grande (South Uruguay) and we illustrate the usefulness of this approach in an ex-ante evaluation of new farming systems using data from 25 farms in this region. Land use activities resulted from systematic combination of crops and inter-crop activities into crop rotations, different crop management techniques (i.e., mechanisation, irrigation and crop protection) and animal production. We identified and quantified all possible rotations and estimated inputs and outputs at crop rotation scale, explicitly considering interactions among crops. Relevant inputs and outputs (i.e., soil erosion, balance of soil organic matter and nutrients, environmental impact of pesticides, labour and machinery requirements, and economic performance) of each land use activity were quantified using different quantitative methods and following the target-oriented approach. By applying the methodology presented in this paper we were able to design and evaluate 336,128 land use activities suitable for the different soil types in Canelón Grande and for farms with different availability of resources, i.e., land, labour, soil quality, capital and water for irrigation. After theoretical evaluation, a large subset of these land use activities showed promise for reducing soil erosion, maintaining soil organic matter content of the soil and increasing farmer’s income, allowing improvement of current farming systems in the region and providing a widely diverse set of strategic options for farmers in the region to choose from. This method can be used as a stand-alone tool to explore options at the field and farm scale or to generate input for optimisation models to explore options at the farm or regional scale.     

基于GIS的坡耕地数字高程模型的建立与应用

微地形是描述地表起伏状态的重要指标,也是地表径流和土壤侵蚀过程的重要影响因子。在微尺度上建立了不同耕作措施下黄土坡耕地的数字高程模型（DEM）,并对其空间特征进行了分析。结果表明,利用反距离加权插值法建立的微DEM模型能正确地再现坡耕地地表形态,利用其派生的微坡度、微坡向数据可作为研究土壤侵蚀空间差异的重要因子;微坡度分布特征与耕作措施密切相关,对于人工锄耕（CH）和人工掏挖（TW）措施,微坡度栅格统计数随着微坡度的增大呈先增大,后减小的变化趋势,而等高耕作（DG）措施下微坡度栅格统计数随着微坡度的增大而     

A Transfer Precision Study of Interior Horizontal Coordinates of Oblique Super High Rise Buildings

When staking out super high rise building construction, it is important to analyze the horizontal coordinate precision of the control point of the axis. For coordinate transfer of control points of oblique super high rise buildings with high accuracy and precision, methods combining the electronic tachometer with laser aligner were adopted. The measurement sections were transited by sections many times on the floors. The coordinates of control points of lower floors gradually were transferred to the top floor by relays. We then could use the electronic tachometer to measure the linear distance between the control points of each floor and the control point of the axis, calculate the coordinates of the axis control point, and analyze the precision of the coordinates. Thus, integrated methods of transferring horizontal coordinates of super high rise buildings setting out of axis repeatedly can be taken from the control points to the monitoring points section by section. The precision integrated methods improve the coordinates of the control point of the axis by adopting advanced measurement equipment. We recommend choosing an electronic tachometer with different precision and a laser aligner to analyze the control point error quickly and accurately, provide a complete and systematic method for optimizing the staking out scheme in construction, and guide the staking out work and deformation monitoring work of super high rise buildings or oblique super high rise building construction.     

智能电子称重与土壤温湿度检测系统的研究

为解决在环境植物保护、农业生产发展及工业生产进步过程中电子秤存在的操作地点受限、操作功能单一及操作结果无法实时处理等问题,研究设计了一套智能电子称重与土壤温湿度检测系统。该系统电子称量精度高(可达0.001g),通过GPS对野外操作地点和时间实时标注记录,采用土壤温度传感器和水分传感器实时检测土壤温湿度,将操作结果存储于中央处理器内,同时利用GPRS对实时操作获取的数据信息无线传输到终端计算机。试验证明,系统实现了野外取样实时称量、土壤温湿度检测、环境信息记录和操作结果的实时处理。     

微机在旋耕机刀轴室内模拟试验装置中的应用

介绍了旋耕机刀轴室内扭转疲劳模拟试验装置的系统组成、功能特点和设计依据，论述了该装置的微机控制系统结构以及加载控制程序的设计方法和技术关键。试验研究表明，该装置工作可靠，性能稳定，操作方便，能实现程控自动化加载，是理想的室内疲劳试验装备。     

基于ARM的大田视频采集模块设计

开发了一种农业视频监控系统,采用主控芯片为S3C2440的FL2440开发板和芯片是Z301的USB摄像头来共同构成模块的硬件操作平台。该模块是对嵌入式Linux内核的剪裁、制作和烧写。同时,对USB摄像头驱动程序、视频采集程序、LED实时显示程序和网络传输程序的设计过程进行了详细的描述,且在农田中进行了模块的现场调试。该大田视频采集模块的成本低廉、性能稳定、功耗低,它采集到的视频图像不仅能显示在LED上,还能通过网络传输程序传输到PC机进行显示,且所显示的视频图像非常地清晰和连贯,符合地理环境上的需求,促进了农业信息化的发展。     

温室群全数字式温度和湿度综合控制系统

应用计算机集散控制原理，采用新型的数字式温温度一体化传感器（LTM8901）和一线总线结构，研制了一种适用于温室群的温湿度全数字自动监控系统，温湿度控制子系统在容量EEPROM，可在100天内以小时为单位设定温湿度值并记录实测值。     

实例获取网络在车辆诊断专家系统中的应用

针对基于规则推理和模型推理专家系统的局限性，提出将实例获取网络应用于基于实例推理的车辆诊断专家系统中，介绍了实例获取网络在车辆诊断专家系统中的设计方法、工作过程及其算法的改进方案，探讨了实例获取网络、回收机制及相关策略的实现方法，对基于实例推理专家系统设计策略、实施步骤和组织结构上的一些共性问题做了详述。     

精准农业的信息获取技术

介绍了田间信息采集技术的研究概况以及在精准农业生产和农机工程中的应用。对全球定位系统GPS，遥感系统RS、联合收割机测产系统、土壤养分测量和杂草自动识别技术在精准农业体系中作为信息获取手段的研究，开发与应用情况进行了综述，并指出应用近、中红外分析技术进行土壤养分快速测量的方法将是我国土壤数字化研究的新的途径之一。