基因组原位杂交技术在植物研究中的应用

基因组原位杂交是以亲本之一的总基因组DNA做探针,另一亲本的基因组DNA做封阻,在荧光原位杂交技术的基础上发展起来的一种染色体/染色质检测技术。在其发展的十几年里,已在植物的基因组研究中发挥了重要的作用。应用这一技术可对多倍体中基因组之间的亲缘关系、基因组组成及起源进行研究;对杂交种中染色体组的组成进行分析;对代换系、附加系和易位系进行有效的鉴定,并对其中的外源染色体或染色体片段的来源、大小、数目及发生位点进行检测和定位。此外,利用基因组原位杂交技术还有助于确定物种间的同源性;研究杂交种中来源不同的染色质在核中的分布;探索B染色体的起源、染色体间的配对、重组、交换等现象。随着基因组荧光原位杂交技术体系的不断发展、完善和改进,其应用范围不断拓展,在植物基因组研究领域中发挥了越来越重要的作用。     

Ancient Polyploidy and Modem Crop Plants

The growing set of fully-sequenced angiosperm genomes highlight the role of polyploidy in angiosperm evolution, and suggest that even the high level of importance we had already attributed to this mechanism was inadequate. Gene loss following whole-genome duplication events has contributed much to the incongruities that we observe in comparative genetic maps, and presumably has also contributed to functional divergence of taxa. Ancient genome duplication has several consequences for levels and patterns of variation in modern plant populations, in particular contributing to the relatively conservative evolution of duplicated genes even at distant locations from one another in the genome. Comparison of gene retention/loss following independent whole-genome duplication events suggests patterns that may be relevant to the survival and productivity of newly-formed polyploids, with numerous implications for crop improvement.     

改良CTAB法提取益智基因组DNA

益智叶片中多酚和多糖等杂质的含量较高,为获得高质量的益智基因组DNA,试验在传统CTAB法的基础上加以改良,提取益智基因组DNA,并对所得DNA的质量和浓度进行了检测。结果表明,改良后的方法较之传统方法简单高效,所获得的基因组DNA质量较好,OD260/OD280在1.7~2.0之间,RNA消化彻底,DNA无明显降解,进行ISSR分析条带清晰,多态性好。适合于进行以PCR为基础的DNA多态性的研究。     

CYTOGENETIC INVESTIGATION OF THE HYBRID BETWEEN AEGILOPS TAUSCHH AMD PSATHYROSTACHYS HUASHANICA

<正> An intergeneric hybrid between Aegilops tauschti Cosson. an annual diploid grass. and Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng, a perenmal diploid grass. The F_1 hybrid plant had chromosome number of 2n=2x=14. and was annual and morphologically intermediate between two parents. Meiotic analysis showed that this F_1 hybrid had an average of 12.20 univalants, 0.12 rod bivalents ad 0.004 quadrivalents at MI of the pollen-mother-cells. Multipolar division, irregular ctyokinesis. conjungation opening and coenocyte were observed in this hybrid. These results suggested that the D genome in the Ae. tauschii was distantly related to the N genome in the P huashanica.     

六倍体裸燕麦(Avena nuda L.)染色体组型分析

本实验对六倍体裸燕素(Avena nuda L.)进行染色体组型研究。该品种染色体数目为:2n=6x=42,是稳定的六倍体。并对其染色体形态特征进行了研究。六倍体裸燕麦(代1109)的21对染色体中,有10对为中着丝点染色体(M),有8对近中着丝点染色体(SM),有3对具有随体的染色体(SAt)。其染色体组型为:2n=20M+16SM+6SAt。为燕麦分类提供了细胞学依据。     

中国家蚕基因组与21世纪丝绸之路

由于西南农业大学和中国科学院北京基因组研究所暨华大基因研究中心的科学家的出色工作 ,中国家蚕基因组工作框架图于 2 0 0 3年 10月胜利完成。这是蚕业科学发展史上里程碑式的重大成果。家蚕全基因组有效长度为 4 5 0Mb ,这次绘制的框架图覆盖了家蚕全基因组的 95 .5 4 % ,达到了高质量工作框架图的要求。随着家蚕基因组框架图的完成 ,蚕业科学将进入以分子设计和生物信息为基础的新的发展阶段。紧密合作 ,共同奋斗 ,为 2 1世纪丝绸之路更加绚丽辉煌作出新的贡献 ,将是我国蚕业科技工作者的历史任务     

Progress of genome wide association study in domestic animals

ABSTRACT: Domestic animals are invaluable resources for study of the molecular architecture of complex traits. Although the mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) responsible for economically important traits in domestic animals has achieved remarkable results in recent decades, not all of the genetic variation in the complex traits has been captured because of the low density of markers used in QTL mapping studies. The genome wide association study (GWAS), which utilizes high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), provides a new way to tackle this issue. Encouraging achievements in dissection of the genetic mechanisms of complex diseases in humans have resulted from the use of GWAS. At present, GWAS has been applied to the field of domestic animal breeding and genetics, and some advances have been made. Many genes or markers that affect economic traits of interest in domestic animals have been identified. In this review, advances in the use of GWAS in domestic animals are described.     

DNA元素百科全书浅析

2012年9月,美国国家人类基因组研究中心资助的DNA元素百科全书(ENCODE)项目随着一系列研究成果,分成30多篇论文在Nature,Genome Research和Genome Biology 3种期刊上相继发表,标志着ENCODE项目的完成。2001年,人类基因组测序完成,解析了人类基因组是由ATGC 4个字母以怎样的排列顺序组成的。但对编码蛋白质的基因及这些基因是怎样调节控制的,基因组中的其他区域哪些参与调控等问题都未能了解。因此,科学界在2003年启动了ENCODE项目,结果表明80%的人类基因组都具有生物学活性。文中在ENCODE项目的相关信息进行论述,旨在引导人们正确认识、了解和应用ENCODE项目的研究成果为人类健康服务。     

大豆基因组保守序列及综合保守序列扩增多态性分子标记(ICSAP)的设计

采用VBA程序查找了大豆基因组保守序列——在基因组中出现次数较多的碱基序列片段,分析了这类保守序列的基本特性,在此基础上,设计了一种新型分子标记——综合保守序列扩增多态性分子标记.碱基数目越多,保守序列种类数和出现次数越少,从10个碱基到27个碱基,保守序列的GC含量先是逐渐增加,达到一个平台后又逐渐降低.碱基离保守序列3＇端越近,出现A或T的可能性越大,碱基在保守序列中的分布具有非随机性.不同长度的保守序列具有明显的进化关系.筛选出10个碱基的保守序列和长度为8个碱基的填充序列用来设计引物,共得到566对引物组合.该新型分子标记有望在条带多态性、引物一致性等方面超越现有分子标记,同时具有成本低廉等优点.该研究旨在为基因组保守序列查找和分子标记设计方面提供新的思路,分析这些保守序列特性有助于进一步探索分子进化机理.该新型分子标记有可能在大豆种质资源鉴定和基因图位克隆等方面得到应用,同时该分析方法也适用对其他物种.     

Variation in TBX3 Gene Region in Dun Coat Color Polish Konik Horses

The Polish Konik is a primitive breed of horse, most likely descended directly from the wild extinct forest equus so-called Tarpan (Equus ferus ferus). The studbook of this breed is closed, and only individuals with blue dun in color with a well-developed black middorsal stripe and other primitive markings are entered. The aim of the presented study was the investigation of genetic background of dun phenotype in Polish Konik horses. A total of 93 Polish Koniks were investigated toward single nucleotide polymorphisms in a region of TBX3 gene by Sanger sequencing method. Obtained results confirmed that all investigated horses carry dun dilution genotype. Two new variants were identified which have not been previously described [WT/WT-G/G-A/G; WT/del-G/del-G/G]. Furthermore, our results showed in population of Polish Koniks occurrence of the rare genotype recently found in Estonian-native horses.