三河牛母牛产奶量及生长性状遗传参数的估测

本试验采用1984、1987、1992、1997、1998年内蒙古谢尔塔拉种牛场881头三河牛母牛的测定记录．配合动物模型BLUP方法用MTDFREML软件估计了三河牛产奶量、体尺、体重、外貌评分等7个性状的遗传力、遗传方差。得出三河牛305天产奶量、外貌评分、体高、体斜长、胸围、管围、体重的遗传力分别为0．80、O．04、0．84、0．93、0．77、0．24、0．64,并且得到了7个性状的平均值以及它们之间的遗传相关、表型相关及环境相关估计值。这些遗传参数的估计可为种畜的选择提供依据。     

陕西省本氏针茅自然种群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记,对采自陕西省不同地区的5个本氏针茅(Stipa bungeana)自然种群进行遗传变异及群体遗传结构分析,旨在探讨本氏针茅遗传变异产生的分子生态机理,为其资源保护提供理论依据.在100个供试单株中,采用15条ISSR引物共扩增出223条可统计条带,其中多态性带182条,多态性位点比率为81.61％,Nei's基因多样性(H)为0.1887,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.2975,各种群之间存在较高的多态性.种群间的遗传变异为63.01％,种群内的遗传变异为36.99％,遗传分化系数Φn为0.6300,种群间的基因流(Nm)为0.1468,表明本氏针茅遗传分化程度较高,     

Genetic diversity and historic introgression in German Angler and Red Dual Purpose cattle and possibilities to reverse introgression

Recovering native uniqueness has major importance for breeds with historic introgression. The aim of the study was to estimate population genetic parameters for two local red cattle breeds from Northern Germany and to study possibilities to reverse introgression. Genealogical information consisted of 90,783 individuals for German Angler and 187,255 individuals for Red Dual-Purpose cattle breed, with additional information on sex, born, breed, status, and conventional breeding values. It is concluded that the native genetic contribution could be included as an additional trait in the total merit index in order to recover a part of the native genetic background. Native contributions should be estimated in the long term from marker data in order to account for Mendelian sampling. The maintenance of a sufficient genetic diversity of native alleles can be achieved by an advanced OCS with appropriate constraints.     

栗蚕幼虫酯酶同工酶酶谱多态性及应用于品种间亲缘关系的分析

栗蚕是珍稀的野蚕资源。采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,测定栗蚕幼虫不同发育时期、不同组织器官的酯酶同工酶酶谱,并依据酯酶同工酶酶谱的多态性分析纯黑、纯绿2个品种的亲缘关系。检测结果表明:栗蚕幼虫中肠的酯酶同工酶活性和酶带数随龄期而增加,且同一龄期以盛食期的酶表达量最高;幼虫中肠及脂肪体中的酯酶同工酶活性较强,并且酶带数较多;2个供试品种间的酯酶同工酶酶谱明显不同。根据酶谱差异分析2个品种的遗传相似系数为0.86,表现出较近的亲缘关系。研究结果提示:栗蚕幼虫酯酶同工酶的酶活性和酶带数与生长发育和组织功能有关,幼虫酯酶同工酶酶谱可以作为分析品种间亲缘关系的依据之一。     

橡实象虫等25种昆虫线粒体COⅠ基因的遗传多样性及系统进化分析

橡实象虫(Curculio arakawai)是象甲科中危害柞树种子和嫩芽的重要害虫。为探讨利用线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(COⅠ)基因的特定区段作为DNA条形码快速准确识别橡实象虫的可行性,克隆了3个橡实象虫线粒体COⅠ基因5'端长度约556 bp的片段(GenBank登录号:JN258957,JN258958,JN258959),并与鞘翅目、鳞翅目、双翅目共24种昆虫的同源片段进行碱基组成多样性和系统进化分析。序列分析结果显示:橡实象虫与其它24种昆虫的COⅠ基因序列呈现丰富的遗传多样性,碱基位点的变异率为48.2%,序列平均差异为19.7%;COⅠ基因序列的AT含量(69.9%)明显高于GC含量(30.1%),存在显著的AT使用倾向性;碱基替换模式颠换大于转换,碱基替换数与物种两两遗传距离呈明显的线性关系;COⅠ基因序列的碱基变异速率较快的位点主要集中在序列中间区域的210～390 bp。基于COⅠ基因序列构建的NJ、ME和MP系统进化树均显示橡实象虫与鞘翅目象甲科(Curculionidae)昆虫的进化关系最近,聚在一起形成一个分支,鳞翅目等其它昆虫聚在一起形成另外一个分支;橡实象虫与鞘翅目象甲科Kyklioacalles属昆虫间遗传距离最小,与鳞翅目丝角蝶科Macrosoma sp.属昆虫间的遗传距离最大。根据COⅠ基因序列的多样性,能将橡实象虫明显地与其它昆虫区分开。     

The Anatomy and Venom-Emitting Mechanism of the Globiferous Pedicellariae of the Urchin Parechinus Angulosus (Leske) With Notes on Their Behaviour

The freshwater snails belonging to the genus Melanoides Olivier, 1804 are widespread across tropical regions of the world and endemic species have evolved in the African Lakes Malawi, Mweru and Tanganyika. The endemic Melanoides species of Lake Malawi have been investigated several times during the last century, due to their large conchological variation, but no unambiguous answer regarding the number of species has been given. The phylogenetic relationship between morphs or genetic clones of Melanoides in Lake Malawi was inferred by phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial genes 16S and COI. Additional sequences from GenBank were included to investigate the relationship to other morphs from different parts of the world. For the first time, a putative secondary structure was developed for a partial region of 16S in this genus to identify the variability of the secondary structure in stems and loops. The molecular analyses indicated that several genetic clones exist in Lake Malawi and that M. tuberculata is a paraphyletic taxon. It is not clear from the results whether invasions or dispersals account for the complex situation in Lake Malawi. The basal position of M. admirabilis, endemic to Lake Tanganyika, in the inferred phylogeny indicates that Africa might be the origin of the genus. The results further indicate that three major clades of Melanoides, consisting of several genetic clones, are present in Lake Malawi; one clade consisting of invasive M. tuberculata, another of native M. tuberculata and a third consisting of the M. polymorpha- complex. It appears as if the unique development of morphs within the Melanoides genus in Lake Malawi has evolved primarily by divergence of genetic clones instead of species differentiation.     

群体遗传惯性理论与选择极限 续

2 群体遗传惯性与选择极限的理论分析根据群体遗传惯性理论,我们可以把外部力量(主要是选择)对群体的作用力称为选择压(Se-lection Pression,Sp),由这种选择压的作用而引起群体期望能获得的遗传反应称为期望选择反应(Expected Selection Respones,ER),或者简称选择反应(Selection Respones,R)。而把群体实际所获得的遗传值的变化定义为遗传增量(GeneticGain,△G),或称为获得遗传反应(Observed Se-lection Respones,OR)。这样我们就把群体的实际遗传增量定义为选择反应与群体遗传惯性力之差,即:     

乌鸡的血清蛋白质多态性与其遗传关系的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶和聚丙烯酰胺浓度梯度凝胶电泳法分析了我国三种乌鸡(泰和、略阳、雪峰)的血清蛋白质多态性,并以引进鸡种(来航、罗斯)作对照,以揭示三种乌鸡间的遗传关系。电泳结果表明,鸡血清蛋白质在前白蛋白(Pa)、白蛋白(Alb)、运铁蛋白(Tf)、脂酶(Es-1)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP,AKP-2)、诸位点显示多态。借助所测位点的基因频率,计算了群体平均基因杂合度和标准遗传距离。采用最短距离法对所研究鸡种进行了聚类分析。结果表明,我国三种乌鸡虽相对于外国鸡种具有较近的亲缘关系,但彼此之间呈现一定的遗传差异。结合体型外貌特征和地理隔离等因素综合考虑,它们似应看作独立的地方品种,不存在同种异名的问题。     

贵州柑桔黄龙病菌两个原噬菌体位点遗传多样性分析

为研究贵州柑桔黄龙病菌（‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’）遗传多样性,分析了54份病原菌株系在两个原噬菌体位点上的变异情况。结果显示不同地理来源病原菌株系在两位点上扩增情况不同,扩增条带之间序列亦存在碱基的变异及序列的插入/缺失;不同海拔区域原噬菌体类型及组合的情况不同;结合同源性分析,得出贵州南部‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ 菌群存在2种或多种原噬菌体类型的可能,田间存在不同菌系混合侵染,来源相对复杂。     

Identification and molecular characterization of border disease virus (BDV) from sheep in India

Pestiviruses isolated from sheep and goats in India thus far have been bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 (BVDV-1) or BVDV-2. During routine genetic typing of pestiviruses in the years 2009-10, border disease virus (BDV) was detected in eight Indian sheep of a flock showing clinical signs of BD by real time RT-PCR. All the samples yielded positive virus isolates in cell culture but were found negative by a BVDV antigen ELISA. A representative BDV isolate was characterized at genetic and antigenic level. Phylogenetic analysis carried out in 5′-UTR, N^pro and E2 regions of genome typed the Indian BDV isolate as BDV-3. A more detailed analysis in N^pro and entire region coding structural proteins showed that the N^pro (168), C (100 aa), E^rns (227 aa), E1 (195 aa) and E2 (373 aa) proteins were of size characteristic for BDV reference strain X818. Antigenic differences were evident between the BDV-3 isolate and previously reported BDV-1, BDV-5 and BDV-7 strains. Although origin of BDV-3 in India is not clear, the results reflect probable introduction through trade in sheep between India and other countries or BDV-3 may be more widely distributed. Additionally, this study suggests that for diagnosis of BDV infection, the commercial BVDV Ag-ELISA should be used with caution. This is the first identification of BDV in sheep in India which highlights the need for continued pestivirus surveillance and assessing its impact on sheep and goat production.