基于卷积神经网络的中国北方冬小麦遥感估产

针对传统的农作物估产方法过度依赖人工经验,以及实地采样成本高等问题。该研究使用MODIS数据构建了基于卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)的冬小麦估产模型。对2006-2016年中国北方冬小麦核心区的60个地级市进行模型训练,鲁棒性检验以及估产误差空间特征分析。结果表明:1)估产模型在训练集和验证集的均方根误差(root mean squareerror,RMSE)分别为183.82kg/hm2、689.72 kg/hm2,决定系数(R2)分别为0.98、0.71。2)以同样的神经网络结构对2006-2016年估产样本分别作为验证集,训练11个独立模型的RMSE平均值是772.03 kg/hm2,证明算法具有较高的鲁棒性。3)2007、2012和2016年不同省份的估产结果表明,模型对北方冬小麦区的平原区估产精度较高,尤其是河北和山东2省(RMSE为500 kg/hm2)。该文构建的估产模型可以实现冬小麦单产的复杂拟合,可以应用于较大尺度(范围)冬小麦产量预报。     

切流式花生全喂入联合收获机清选机构设计

针对切流式花生全喂入联合收获机清选环节果杂分离不清、损失率高、缠膜挂秧、筛面堵塞等难题,该文设计了一种风筛组合、无阻滞、大小杂并除的清选机构,其主要由上层筛(杆筛)、下层筛(多阶弹性筛和后筛)、抖草轮、偏心套、风机等组成。该文运用动态静力学方法研究了筛面物料的相对运动,分析了物料相对筛面上滑、下滑、从筛面跃起的极限条件,确定了振动筛主要运动参数的理论值域;运用达朗伯原理开展了交变载荷下筛体的受力分析,确定了筛体关键结构参数。该文对影响清选作业质量主要因素开展了试验研究,试验结果表明:影响清选机构综合作业质量的主次作用因素为主风机转速、振动筛振幅、振动频率,较优参数组合为主风机转速2 100 r/min、振动筛振幅12.5 mm、振动频率9Hz,此时清选损失率5.03%、荚果含杂率5.39%;清选机构作业顺畅性较好,较少出现缠膜挂秧、筛面堵塞现象。研究结论可为切流式花生全喂入联合收获机清选机构的设计提供理论参考。     

农田生态系统水分循环与作物水分关系研究

通过对我国不同类型农田生态系统水分循环与作物生产力关系的网络研究,探讨了我国主要类型地区小麦、玉米、大豆等几种主要作物的菡散耗水和需水规律、水分利用效率和作物水分生产函数,获得这些地区主要作物耗水需水特征及小麦水分生产函数。结果表明,在不同生态系统优化结构模式中作物与水分关系均得到极大改善,节约了作物用水,提高了作物产量和水分利用效率。     

基于显著和模糊检测的浅景深作物病害图像分割

大多数现有的基于图像的作物病害诊断方法往往对输入图像的质量具有很高的要求,例如要求背景简单、大景深等等。因此这些方法的预处理过程中需要去除复杂背景,然而这个预处理较难获得理想的结果。此外,当作物病斑面积较小时,会使得获取的图像景深较浅,也导致了这些方法难以抽取精确的病斑区域。为了解决上述问题,该文提出一种利用目标检测来分割病斑图像的方法。首先,该方法对抽取的结构特征和颜色特征进行整合并对特征空间进行量化,从而得到作物病害图像的显著区域。该方法不需要进行去除复杂背景的预处理过程即可得到病斑区域的图像;同时,为了处理浅景深的病害图像,引入了模糊检测方法用以进一步过滤背景和模糊区域的图像。试验中利用多种黄瓜和水稻病害的图片,将该方法与阈值法、图切割法进行了对比,结果表明该方法在效率不明显降低时,其分割效果明显优于阈值法;在分割效果差异不大时,其运行效率明显高于图切割方法;同时,该方法能够对浅景深的作物病害图像的病斑区域进行有效的分割。     

聚丙烯酰胺对干旱半干旱区不同作物水分利用及产值的影响

为了在半干旱区和干旱区农业生产中推广应用聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide,PAM),在半干旱区选择了西瓜、马铃薯、玉米和谷子,在干旱区选择了春小麦、向日葵、玉米和番茄,以不施PAM为对照,测定PAM对不同作物产量、产值、水分利用效率和水分生产率的影响。结果表明半干旱区西瓜、马铃薯、玉米和谷子的产量分别提高了36.76%、24.83%、20.20%和13.16%,产值提高了36.32%,23.04%,9.37%,10.18%,水分利用效率提高了30.15%,18.83%,13.42%和6.24%,水分生产率提高了30.57%,22.97%,16.79%和11.66%。干旱区春小麦、向日葵、玉米、番茄的产量分别提高了18.56%,12.82%,13.65%和16.54%,产值提高了12.78%,10.70%,9.53%和14.71%,水分利用效率提高了13.49%,17.03%,12.96%和25.12%,水分生产率提高了16.14%,11.62%,11.79%和14.85%。干旱区春小麦的增产率和增值率虽然高于向日葵,但增产值却极显著低于向日葵。建议半干旱区应用PAM应优先选择西瓜和马铃薯,干旱区应优先选择番茄和向日葵。     

施用钾肥对叶菜产量和品质的影响

Over a period of two years, field experiments were conducted on four silty loam soils grown with foliar vegetable crops including Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis Rupr., cv.Lu-Bai 3), autumn greens (B. chinensis L., cv.Piao-Geng-Bai), winter greens (B. var.rosularis Tsen et Lee, cv.You-Dong-Er), and summer greens (B. chinensis L., cv.Zao-Shu 5), respectively. Each experiment included one CK treatment without K, N and P fertilizers applied, and four treatments with from low to high doses, 0~300 kg hm^-2 for Chinese cabbage, 0~150 kg hm^-2 for autumn and winter greens and 0~180 kg hm^-2 for summer greens, of K fertilizers in the form of sulfate of potash (SOP) applied together with N and P fertilizers. One treatment of K fertilizer in the form of muriate of potash (MOP) applied at high levels (150 or 180 kg hm^-2) together with N and P fertilizers was included in the experiments of autumn, winter and summer greens, respectively, in order to compare the effects of SOP and MOP. The market yields of the tested crops increased significantly with the increasing rate of K application. The crops supplied with K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application. K fertilization increased not only K contents but also the amounts of N, P and K absorbed in shoots of autumn, winter and summer greens, which were statistically significantly correlated to their yields. It can also be found that potassium improved the quality of the foliar vegetable crops as their dry mater contents were generally increased and Vc contents obviously increased and nitrate contents markedly decreased. As compared to MOP, SOP was more effective on the yields and quality of autumn, winter and summer greens at the high levels of fertilization.     

The effectiveness of cover crops during eight years of a UK sandland rotation

Abstract. Growing cover crops during the winter before spring-planted crops is often suggested as an effective method to decrease nitrate leaching. A four-course crop rotation (potatoes-cereal-sugarbeet-cereal) was followed through two rotations on a sandy soil in the English Midlands. Three management systems were imposed on the rotation to test their effects on nitrate loss. The effects of cover crops on nitrate leaching and crop yields were compared with the more conventional practice of over-winter bare fallow before potatoes and sugarbeet.
Cover crop N uptake was variable between years, averaging 25 kg ha⁻¹, which is typical of their performance on sandy soils in the UK. The cover crops usually decreased nitrate leaching but their effectiveness depended on good establishment before the start of drainage. Over 7 years, cover crops decreased the average N concentration in the drainage from 24 to 11 mg l⁻¹. Potato yield and tuber N offtake increased after cover crops. Ware tuber yield increased by an average of c . 8%; this was unlikely to be due to additional N mineralization from the cover crop because the potatoes received 220–250 kg fertilizer N ha⁻¹, and non-N effects are therefore implicated. Sugar yield was not increased following a cover crop.
After 8 years of nitrate-retentive practices, there were no measurable differences in soil organic matter. However, plots that had received only half of the N fertilizer each year contained, on average, 0.14% less organic matter at the end of the experiment.     

挖掘收获多功能曲面铲的设计与试验

摘要：针对传统根茎类作物挖掘工作铲阻力大、顺土性差、集果效果不好的问题,设计了多功能曲面挖掘铲。为提高挖掘入土性能和去土效果,挖掘铲纵向平面采用犁铧与圆弧曲面两段组合设计;为提高横向流畅顺土性能和向中集果率,挖掘铲横向平面采用功能分段及样条曲线拟合设计。通过与应用较广的普通平面多边形挖掘铲的对比试验,表明多功能曲面铲去土率提高了4.8%,向中集果率提高了1.2%,掉果率降低了1.03%。但两者的挖掘阻力相差不大。该挖掘铲的设计为后续的夹持装置和去土装置的作业提供了参考。     

收获期马铃薯块茎碰撞恢复系数测定与影响因素分析

为了建立马铃薯块茎在土薯分离机构和振动筛上发生碰撞时的碰撞模型,该文基于质点对固定面的碰撞动力学理论在自制测定装置上对马铃薯块茎碰撞恢复系数进行了试验测定。对块茎碰撞恢复系数的主要影响因素碰撞材料、下落高度、块茎质量、含水率、跌落方向和马铃薯品种等进行了混合正交试验和单因素试验。混合正交试验结果表明,各因素对马铃薯块茎碰撞恢复系数的影响顺序为:碰撞材料、下落高度、块茎质量、含水率、跌落方向和马铃薯品种,其中碰撞材料、下落高度、块茎质量和含水率影响较为显著。单因素试验结果表明,马铃薯与65Mn钢、橡胶、马铃薯和土块间块茎碰撞恢复系数依次减小,其中新大坪的值分别为0.791 2、0.710 5、0.663 2、0.525 3,陇薯7号的值分别为0.762 7、0.695 2、0.690 4、0.563 1;马铃薯块茎碰撞恢复系数随着下落高度、块茎质量和含水率的增加而减小,回归方程决定系数均大于0.9。研究结果可为马铃薯收获机挖掘及土薯分离装置关键部件的优化设计提供参考。