REINTEGRATION OF CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS IN EUROPE: AN OVERVIEW

• ICLS combines the benefits of specialization with increased resilience of the system.• Clear opportunities but also barriers for ICLS were observed.• ICLS need to be embedded within future environmental legislation.• ICLS systems with a range of intensities are needed to support a biodiverse landscape.Ongoing specialization of crop and livestock systems provides socioeconomic benefits to the farmer but has led to greater externalization of environmental costs when compared to mixed farming systems. Better integration of crop and livestock systems offers great potential to rebalance the economic and environmental trade-offs in both systems. The aims of this study were to analyze changes in farm structure and review and evaluate the potential for reintegrating specialized intensive crop and livestock systems, with specific emphasis on identifying the co-benefits and barriers to reintegration. Historically, animals were essential to recycle nutrients in the farming system but this became less important with the availability of synthetic fertilisers. Although mixed farm systems can be economically attractive, benefits of scale combined with socio-economic factors have resulted in on-farm and regional specialization with negative environmental impacts. Reintegration is therefore needed to reduce nutrient surpluses at farm, regional and national levels, and to improve soil quality in intensive cropping systems. Reintegration offers practical and cost-effective options to widen crop rotations and promotes the use of organic inputs and associated benefits, reducing dependency on synthetic fertilisers, biocides and manure processing costs. Circular agriculture goes beyond manure management and requires adaptation of both food production and consumption patterns, matching local capacity to produce with food demand. Consequently, feed transport, greenhouse gas emissions, nutrient surpluses and nutrient losses to the environment can be reduced. It is concluded that reintegration of specialized farms within a region can provide benefits to farmers but may also lead to further intensification of land use. New approaches within a food system context offer alternatives for reintegration, but require strong policy incentives which show clear, tangible and lasting benefits for farmers, the environment and the wider community.     

Water availability and abundance of microbial groups are key determinants of greenhouse gas fluxes in a dryland forest ecosystem

Forests are considered key biomes that could contribute to minimising global warming as they sequester carbon (C) and contribute to mitigate emissions of the potent greenhouse gases (GHG) including nitrous oxide (N₂O), methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). Management practices are prevalent in forestry, particularly in dryland ecosystems, known to be water and nitrogen (N) limited. Irrigation and fertilisation are thus routinely applied to increase the yield of forest products. However, the contribution of forest management practices to current GHG budgets and consequently to soil net global warming potential (GWP) is still largely unaccounted for, particularly in dryland ecosystems. We quantified the long-term effect (six years) of irrigation and fertilisation and the impact of land-use change, from grassland to a Eucalyptus plantation on N₂O, CH₄ and CO₂ emissions and soil net GWP, within a dryland ecosystem. To identify biotic and abiotic drivers of GHG emissions, we explored the relationship of N₂O, CH₄ and CO₂ fluxes with soil abiotic characteristics and abundance of ammonia-oxidizers, N₂O-reducing bacteria, methanotrophs and total soil bacteria. Our results show that GHG emissions, particularly N₂O and CO₂ are constrained by water availability and both N₂O and CH₄ are constrained by N availability in the soil. We also provide evidence of functional microbial groups being key players in driving GHG emissions. Our findings illustrate that GHG emission budgets can be affected by forest management practices and provide a better mechanistic understanding for future mitigation options.     

宁波南沙港养殖水域沉积物-水界面氮磷营养盐的扩散通量

在2007年1月—2007年11月分4个航次对宁波南沙港养殖水域上覆水和表层沉积物间隙水中的溶解无机氮（DIN）和活性磷酸盐（PO4^3--P）浓度进行了现场调查,并应用Fick第一定理对该养殖水域沉积物-水界面DIN和PO4^3--P的扩散通量进行了估算。结果表明,南沙港养殖水域上覆水中NH4^＋-N、NO3^--N、NO2^--N和PO4^3--P的浓度变化范围分别为1.07～11.73、0.01～121.43、0.06～3.79μmol·L^-1和0.42～4.16μmol·L^-1;间隙水中NH4^＋-N、NO3^--N、NO2^--N和PO4^3--P浓度年变化范围分别为24.00～219.51、4.02～1250.41、0.45～8.70μmol·L^-1和3.41～41.87μmol·L^-1;DIN和PO4^3--P的扩散通量平均值分别为1520.73μmol·m^-2·d^-1和22.33μmol·m^-2·d-^1,扩散方向总体表现为从沉积物向上覆水扩散,每年向养殖系统中输入的DIN和PO4^3--P量分别约为9.87t和0.32t,表明沉积物是南沙港养殖水域水体氮磷营养盐,尤其是DIN的重要的输入源。     

Thirteen years of continued application of composted organic wastes in a vineyard modify soil quality characteristics

A solution for environmentally wiser agriculture is the use of composted organic wastes as soil amendments. Just as this alleviates the problem of recycling organic residues, it provides necessary nutrient input for food production. The objective of this work was to study the effect that 13 years of applying three different composted organic wastes or organic amendments have had on soil quality, GHG emissions and the dynamics of its microbial communities 15 days after the annual application. For this purpose, in 1996 a field trial was set up in a Tempranillo vineyard. Since 1998, the applied organic amendments have been as follows: 1. a pelletized organic compost (PEL) made from plant, animal and sewage sludge residues; 2. a compost made from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OF-MSW); 3. a compost made of stabilized sheep manure (SMC); 4. a mineral fertilizer (NPK); and 5. an unaltered control. The mean annual doses applied since 1998 have been 3700 kg ha⁻¹ fresh weight (FW) of PEL, 4075 kg ha⁻¹ FW of OF-MSW, 4630 kg ha⁻¹ FW of SMC, and 340 kg ha⁻¹ of NPK treatment. Soil quality was consistently enhanced by amendment application over the 13 years. Total nitrogen was significantly increased in PEL (0.1%), OF-MSW (0.09%) and SMC (0.1%) compared to control (0.06%). Nutrient content was also improved in a similar way, e.g. the most significant increase in P Olsen (80.7 mg kg⁻¹) and K₂O (473.8 mg kg⁻¹) was found on SMC. The overall enzyme activity was also increased 15 days after the annual application and OF-MSW had the highest rate (95.9) compared to control (51.3). This increase in metabolic activity was also recorded in GHG emissions. CO₂ equivalents per hectare were 1745 kg for OF-MSW and it was the only significant difference found. PEL with 1598 kg and SMC with 1591 kg were not different from the Control (1104 kg). Even though GHG emissions in the soil increased because of the application, soil organic matter content increased significantly (at least 35% more in all organic treatments compared to control) and this rise in organic matter was consistent over the years. According to the results, 85% of the sequences corresponded to 5 main phyla: Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes, with unclassified material making up for 10.9% (average) of the sequences. Bacterial diversity by Shannon and Chao1 indices was not affected 15 days after the application. However, slight changes in the bacterial community were recorded 15 days after application only in OF-MSW treatment. Assessing soil quality using these three factors allows the relevant agronomical capabilities of the soil to be integrated with the potential effect of this practise on global warming.     

农业土壤中的氧化亚氮排放: 为减排综述时空变化

This short review deals with soils as an important source of the greenhouse gas N2O. The production and consumption of N2O in soils mainly involve biotic processes: the anaerobic process of denitrification and the aerobic process of nitrification. The factors that significantly influence agricultural N2O emissions mainly concern the agricultural practices (N application rate, crop type, fertilizer type) and soil conditions (soil moisture, soil organic C content, soil pH and texture). Large variability of N2O fluxes is known to occur both at different spatial and temporal scales. Currently new techniques could help to improve the capture of the spatial variability. Continuous measurement systems with automatic chambers could also help to capture temporal variability and consequently to improve quantification of N2O emissions by soils. Some attempts for mitigating soil N2O emissions, either by modifying agricultural practices or by managing soil microbial functioning taking into account the origin of the soil N2O emission variability, are reviewed.     

不同施肥条件对稻田温室气体排放特征的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱监测体系研究了上海郊区3种不同施肥条件下稻田系统温室气体(GHGs)排放特征及其全球增温潜能(GWP)。研究结果表明:施肥能显著增加稻田系统CO2的排放通量,但不同施肥条件对其影响差异不显著;施用有机肥能显著增加稻田系统CH4的排放通量,同时也能显著降低稻田N2O排放通量。整个水稻生育期,不施肥CK处理的GWP最低,为14 852 kg CO2·hm-2。相较于CK处理,施用尿素的CT处理、有机无机混施的MT处理和施用有机肥的OT处理分别增加了86.9%、111.5%和134.3%的稻田GWP,表明施肥会增加稻田土壤GHGs的GWP。     

CaO-B2O3-SiO2-TiO2系保护渣配位结构的计算模拟

针对新型无氟保护渣CaO-B2O3-SiO2-TiO2四元渣系,采用分子动力学模拟的方法,对该保护渣系的微观结构进行了模拟计算,分析了CaO-B2O3-SiO2-TiO2渣系的配位结构,并考察了TiO2含量对保护渣配位结构的影响规律。研究表明：该渣系中硼的配位结构只存在三配位的三角体和四配位的四面体,而Ti与O之间主要以六配位的八面体结构形式存在;随着TiO2含量的增加,保护渣微观结构中Si、B、Ti的配位形式将发生明显变化,分别向四配位结构、三配位结构及五配位结构转化。     

Study on the Dearsenization of Hot Metal Using CaO Basis Fluxes

There is plenty of iron ore with arsenic in China. Because a proven dearsenization technique does not come into existence in now iron making and steel making processes and it is necessary for developing the dearsenization of hot metal technologics. A serial of dearsenization experiments are carried out on electric resistance heated furnace, it's found that arsenic in hot metal can be removed by CaO basis fluxes. X ray qualitative analysis of CaO basis slag after dearsenization revealed that the product of hot metal dearsenization with CaO slag is Ca 3As 2 and the dearsenization reaction is a reducing one. The thermodynamic conditions of dearsenization of hot metal using CaO basis fluxes are that the lower of oxygen fraction pressure of the system and [s] in hot metal, the higher of temperature of the system and basically of the slag, the dearsenization efficiency is better.     

塑料薄膜覆盖对牛粪便温室气体排放的影响

为控制短期贮存畜禽粪便的温室气体排放,该文研究了塑料薄膜覆盖对肉牛粪便短期贮存过程中温室气体排放量的影响。试验采用静态箱-气相色谱法观测了秋季(日均22.87℃)肉牛粪便自然露天堆放(对照组)和塑料薄膜覆盖堆放(覆盖组)时温室气体的排放通量。结果表明:秋季覆盖塑料薄膜贮存粪便可使N2O和CO2的日均排放通量分别降低94.85%(P0.01)和88.85%(P0.01),并在试验前期(0~9 d)使CH4的日均排放通量降低了43.37%(P0.05),但随后的10~30 d,覆盖组粪便CH4的日均排放通量极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。结论:当环境温度在17.23~30.35℃时,覆盖塑料薄膜可以降低堆放贮存(0~30 d)粪便N2O和CO2的排放通量以及堆放初期(0~9 d)CH4的排放通量。因此,塑料薄膜覆盖贮存法可显著降低粪便堆放初期的温室气体排放。     

The Impact of Dredging Deep Pits on Organic Matter Decomposition in Sediments

In this study, the results of investigations of organic matter decomposition in natural and dredged areas of the inner Puck Bay (Baltic Sea) are presented. The dredging of relatively deep pits causes environmental problems. Researched post-dredging pits are sediment traps in which 3 times more organic carbon (C_org), 3.5 times more total nitrogen (N_tot), about 1.5 times more organic phosphorus (P_org) and 1.7 times more total phosphorus (P_tot) accumulate as compared to the non-dredged regions; they are also characterized by very intensive decomposition of organic matter. About 42, 44, 95 and 50% of the annual load of, respectively, C_org, N_tot, P_org and P_tot undergo decomposition in the dredged area, whereas the respective values for natural seabed are ca. 11, 44, 41 and 21%. Reduction of nitrogen in the pit occurs mainly through ammonification, while in the natural areas of seabed denitrification prevails. In non-dredged sediments, 84% of the released nitrogen comes from denitrification whereas in the pit, it is only 18%. Organic matter degradation in the pit sediments manifests itself by a 7-fold increase in the phosphate flux into near-bottom water as compared to natural seabed. The observed phosphate flux originated from the organic matter as well as from the decomposition of inorganic phosphorus compounds. Periodically, sulphate reduction in the pit sediments resulted in hydrogen sulfide occurrence.