玉米穗腐病药剂防治研究

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了13种杀菌剂对玉米穗腐病菌(Fusarium graminearum)的室内毒力。试验结果表明:多菌灵、氟硅唑、氟菌唑、丙环唑、代森锰锌和烯唑醇6种杀菌剂对穗腐病菌抑菌效果较好,其EC5 0值分别为0.11,0.22,0.26,0.88,1.09,2.99μg/mL。对多菌灵、氟硅唑、丙环唑和代森锰锌4种药剂进一步进行了田间药效试验,有效成分用量丙环唑150.00 g/hm2、氟硅唑51.00 g/hm2在发病初期穗部喷施对玉米穗腐病的田间防治效果分别达66.14%和66.04%。产量测定结果表明:丙环唑用量为150.00 g/hm2处理的小区产量最高,增产效果显著,其次是氟硅唑用量为51.00 g/hm2。     

Fyzs12发酵粗提液的杀线虫活性测定*

 Fyzs12是一种具有杀根结线虫活性的镰孢霉(Fusarium sp.)菌株，该菌的发酵粗提液12h内对爪哇根结线虫（Meloidogyne javanica）二龄幼虫的致死率达87%，并能使线虫的体腔内含物发生消解，同时产生液泡；对爪哇根结线虫卵的孵化有抑制作用。将发酵粗提液稀释到60%时，仍具有原液的杀线虫效果；经过121℃处理25min后，杀线虫效果仍与原液相当，热稳定性好。初步表明该菌有良好的杀线虫作用，具有广阔的应用前景和开发价值。     

镰刀菌 Q7-31T 菌株植物细胞壁降解酶系的结构

为探究植物细胞壁降解酶高效降解细胞壁的机制,用 RT-PCR 方法对 Q7-31T 菌株植物细胞壁降解酶基因片段进行克隆,使用 Prot-Param、SOPMA、ProtScale Server 等软件对质谱鉴定结果进行生物学分析。结果表明：将 Q7-31T 菌株植物细胞壁降解相关酶归为 GH5家族内切葡聚糖酶、GH7家族内切葡聚糖酶、GH7家族外切葡聚糖酶和 GH10家族内切木聚糖酶4类酶。这些相关酶类为中等分子量大小,二级结构由α-螺旋、延伸链、β-转角和无规则卷曲4种元件构成,其中无规则卷曲的数量最高;均为亲水性酶,磷酸化位点比例较高,存在1～2个糖基化位点;均存在较高比例的催化结构域,三级结构呈中空的 C 字形。结论：少量的糖基化位点、高比例的催化结构域、多变的三维构象、大量的磷酸化位点与高效的协同作用方式可能决定 Q7-31T 菌株的植物细胞壁降解酶对细胞壁的高效降解。     

玉米幼根接种禾谷镰刀菌后的转录组分析

为研究禾谷镰刀菌侵染后玉米幼根内转录组的变化情况,利用RNAseq对禾谷镰刀菌接种后6和18h的感病玉米自交系Y331分别进行转录组测序,分析接种后玉米幼根内差异表达的基因。结果表明:接种禾谷镰刀菌后,玉米幼根内共有5 153个基因差异表达;在接种后上调表达的聚类中,多种抗病过程相关的基因显著富集,包括苯丙烷类次生代谢物质合成过程的基因以及植物激素水杨酸(Salicylic acid,SA)、茉莉酸(Jasmonic acid,JA)和乙烯(Ethylene,ET)合成、响应及信号介导途径的基因;在下调表达的聚类中,植物生长发育、基础物质和能量代谢相关过程的基因显著富集。进一步分析发现:ET相关过程的基因在聚类1和聚类6中显著富集,均在接种后6h前上调表达;苯丙烷类次生代谢物合成途径相关基因和镰刀烯醇毒素(Deoxynivalenol,DON)解毒相关基因在接种后上调表达。研究表明,SA、JA/ET、苯丙烷类次生代谢物和DON解毒基因在玉米和禾谷镰刀菌互作中发挥重要作用。     

蔬菜土传病原菌三重PCR检测体系的建立与应用

【目的】 针对生产中危害严重的3种蔬菜土传病原菌瓜果腐霉（Pythium aphanidermatum）、尖镰孢（Fusarium oxysporum）、大丽轮枝菌（Verticillium dahliae）,建立三重PCR（triplex PCR）检测体系,为蔬菜土传真菌病害的早期诊断和鉴定提供技术与方法。【方法】 筛选3种病原菌特异性引物组合,通过设定不同的PCR退火温度、引物浓度、循环次数以及延伸时间,探索影响三重PCR扩增的因素,建立蔬菜土传病原菌三重PCR检测体系,并对体系灵敏度进行检测。为了验证建立体系的稳定性,选择2×Taq Master PCR Mix（北京博迈德生物技术有限公司）和TaKaRa Taq酶（大连宝生物工程有限公司）2个不同公司的试剂,分别利用C1000 Touch ^TM型（赛默飞世尔科技有限公司）与Aeris ^TM型（新加坡艺思高科技有限公司）热循环仪进行三重PCR反应,比较检测结果的可重复性。对田间采集的35份病害样本和149份土壤样本,分别进行三重PCR和病原菌分离检测,以确定所建立得三重PCR检测体系的适用性。 【结果】 三重PCR反应体系中引物对AsAPH2B/AsPyF、FOF1/FOR1、VActF/VActR可分别扩增出瓜果腐霉、尖镰孢、大丽轮枝菌长度为163、328和530 bp的特异性目的片段。反应体系（25 μL）：0.12 μmol·L ^-1 AsAPH2B/AsPyF,0.16 μmol·L ^-1 FOF1/FOR1,0.24 μmol·L ^-1 VActF/VActR,2×Taq Master PCR Mix 12.5 μL,退火温度为60.8℃,35个循环。该体系对病原菌纯培养物的检测灵敏度为10 ^-1ng·μL ^-1,对土壤中大丽轮枝菌、尖镰孢和瓜果腐霉的检测灵敏度分别为10 ⁵、10 ⁶个孢子/g土壤和10 ^-2mg菌丝/g土壤。分别采用2×Taq Master PCR Mix和TaKaRa Taq酶,利用C1000 Touch ^TM型和Aeris ^TM型热循环仪进行三重PCR,扩增结果一致,说明三重PCR体系检测稳定性好。对田间采集的病害和土壤样本进行检测,25份病害样本和71份土壤样本中检测出带菌,三重PCR检测与病原菌分离培养结果一致。 【结论】 本研究建立的瓜果腐霉、尖镰孢、大丽轮枝菌三重PCR检测体系具有灵敏度高、稳定性和重复性好的特点,能够快速、准确地检测田间病株及其根围土壤中的瓜果腐霉、尖镰孢、大丽轮枝菌,为蔬菜土传病害的早期预防和流行监测提供了有效的技术手段。     

枯萎病对海岛棉产量因素及相关指标的遗传分析

以海岛棉抗病材料06-146和感病材料新海14的杂交群体为材料,考察了该群体的亲本、F1以及F2～F2∶5代家系,借助方差分析得到了枯萎病对其农艺性状和产量相关性状的影响。结果显示,随着病级的增加,株高、果枝数等性状低于对照,并且与产量相关性状下降明显。表现出了海岛棉枯萎病的致萎缩及减产的危害。运用相关分析和主成分分析,考察了病级与海岛棉产量因子之间的关系。结果显示,海岛棉产量与病级呈显著的负相关,同时与果枝数和株高呈负相关,也反应出枯萎病对海岛棉具有减产的作用。     

单味与复方中草药提取物抑制镰刀菌的比较研究

本试验以禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)和串珠镰刀菌(Fusarium verticillioides)为供试菌株,从26种中草药水提物中筛选出6种对两种镰刀菌有抑制效果的药物,通过不同的组方配伍,利用生长速率法检验不同组方对镰刀菌的抑制效果。试验显示:对串珠镰刀菌抑菌效果最强的为肉豆蔻-五味子两药配伍组,抑菌率为70.55%(P <0.05),比单药和三药配伍最优组分别高11%、17%。对禾谷镰刀菌抑菌作用最强的是肉豆蔻-诃子-石榴皮三药配伍组,抑菌率为77.91%(P <0.05),比两药配伍最优组高58%,较单药最优组提高90%;结果表明中草药提取物组方后可显著提高抑菌活性。     

The Effect of Inoculation Treatment and Long-term Application of Moisture on Fusarium Head Blight Symptoms and Deoxynivalenol Contamination in Wheat Grains

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important disease of wheat, which can result in the contamination of grains with mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON). Artificial inoculation of flowering ears with conidial suspensions is widely used to study FHB diseases. Our goal was to compare four inoculation treatments in which a conidial suspension was sprayed on flowering ears and to study the effect of the application of moisture during kernel setting and filling with a mist-irrigation system. Ten wheat genotypes were inoculated with a DON-producing Fusarium culmorum strain. Inoculation treatments varied in time of application of the inoculum (morning or evening) and in the method of controlling humidity during inoculation (bagging or mist irrigation). A wet season was simulated with a mist-irrigation system, keeping the crop canopy wet for at least 26 days after flowering. The severity of FHB symptoms (area under disease progress curve (AUDPC)), yield loss and DON contamination in the grains were determined. AUDPC data obtained with the different inoculation treatments were highly correlated (r=0.85–0.95). Mist irrigation after inoculation resulted in a higher mean disease severity, but in a overall lower toxin contamination as compared to the non-irrigated treatments. Genotypic differences in DON accumulation were present: for one wheat line toxin contamination significantly increased when irrigated, while two genotypes accumulated significantly less toxin. The closest relationships (r=0.73–0.89) between the visual symptoms and the DON content were obtained under moderate mean infection pressure. This relation between visual symptoms and the DON content deteriorated at higher infection levels.     

Fusarium confers protection against several mycelial pathogens of pepper plants

Inoculation of nonhost pepper ( Capsicum annuum ) plants with the tomato wilt pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL), caused no symptoms and the fungus was not recovered from any part of the plant. FOL, however, partially protected pepper plants from subsequent infection with Phytophthora capsici , Verticillium dahliae or Botrytis cinerea by significantly reducing the percentage of diseased plants and the appearance and intensity of symptoms. FOL did not inhibit the mycelial growth of these pathogens in vitro . The protection induced by FOL against Botrytis was inhibited by 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP), an inhibitor of ethylene perception, suggesting the involvement of this hormone in the signalling of FOL-induced resistance. The activities of β-1,3-glucanase and peroxidase 48 h after FOL induction were similar to those in control plants. Chitinase activity, however, was higher in the stems of plants inoculated with FOL. A study of the levels of phenolic compounds revealed that cell-wall-bound phenolics were more abundant in plants treated with FOL, especially in stems, while soluble phenolic contents did not differ.     

苯并噻二唑甲酸三氟乙酯诱导仙客来抗枯萎病的研究

为了明确新型化合物苯并噻二唑甲酸三氟乙酯对土传病害的诱导抗病作用,本文研究了该化合物诱导仙客来对枯萎病的抗病效果。通过叶面喷施苯并噻二唑甲酸三氟乙酯可诱导仙客来对枯萎病的抗病效果,在仙客来移栽缓苗后7d叶面喷施该化合物,不同浓度对枯萎病的抗病效果不同,其中100mg.L-1的处理,在诱导后25、30和35d的抗病效果分别为82.90%、58.59%和64.17%;在仙客来成株枯萎病发病初期用该化合物诱导,抗病效果仍可达63.91%,显著高于噁霉灵处理（47.63%）。该研究将为寻求通过叶面喷雾施药防治园艺作物土传病害的新途径起到参考作用。