Agronomic performance of late-season rice in South China

Improving rice yields is critical for global food security. China is a major rice-producing country having two rice cropping systems, i.e. single-season rice cropping system and a double-season system with both early- and late-season rice. There have been reports on the sink-source traits contributing to high grain yield for single- and early-season rice, but such information is limited for late-season rice. In this study, field experiments were conducted at the research farm of Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China in the late rice-growing season. Grain yield and sink-source traits were compared among five cultivars (Guiliangyou 2, Teyou 838, Y-liangyou 087, Teyou 582, and Yuxiangyouzhan) in 2012 and then three cultivars (Guiliangyou 2, Teyou 838, and Y-liangyou 087) in 2013. Y-liangyou 087 produced 6–26% higher grain yield than did the other cultivars. This higher grain yield was driven by improvements in sink-source capacity. Sink capacity was 8–31% higher in Y-liangyou 087 than in the other cultivars. Well-balanced relations between spikelets m^?2 and grain weight was responsible for the higher sink capacity in Y-liangyou 087. The result was that Y-liangyou 087 produced 11–17% greater biomass (source capacity) than did the other cultivars. The greater source capacity in Y-liangyou 087 was mainly attributed to higher radiation use efficiency (RUE). Our study suggests that enhancing sink capacity through balanced relations between number of spikelets per unit land area and grain size, while improving source capacity through increasing RUE is a feasible way to achieve higher grain yield of late-season rice in South China.     

区域性冬小麦籽粒蛋白含量遥感监测技术研究

小麦籽粒的品质越来越受到农学家或是食品加工厂的高度重视。目前,很多国家从农 民手中收购小麦时,筛选质量优、蛋白质含量高的小麦,并对其农户给予一定奖励。实现实时监 控和掌握小麦籽粒品质信息,从而更好地指导生产,减少检测化验时间,降低生产成本,有效提 升工作效率。     

华北地区玉米机收籽粒与机收果穗性能及效益初析

华北地区玉米机收籽粒普及率非常低,人们对机收籽粒的认知水平不足。对玉米机收籽粒和机收果穗两种不同收获方式,从收获成本、时间、损失率、籽粒质量等多方面进行比较,结果表明,机收籽粒比机收果穗收获成本可以节省5.7%,时间可以节省50%以上,机收籽粒虽然破损率稍高(比机收果穗高6%),有待进一步改善,但是综合效果好,适合华北地区推广。     

籼稻C84和粳稻春江16B重组自交系遗传图谱构建及籽粒性状QTL定位与验证

【目的】本研究旨在挖掘水稻粒型新基因、探索其分子机理,解析籽粒发育调控遗传网络奠定基础,并为通过分子标记聚合有利基因开展超级稻分子设计育种提供理论依据。【方法】以植株和籽粒形态差异较大的晚粳稻品种春江16B(CJ16B）和广亲和中籼稻背景恢复系C84为亲本构建含有188个家系的重组自交系为作图群体,利用158对在双亲中存在多态性差异的分子标记,构建了遗传连锁图谱,总遗传距离为1428.40cM,平均标记间距为9.04cM。在构建遗传图谱的基础上,完成RIL188个株系籽粒的粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比和千粒重等5个性状考查并进行QTL定位。【结果】在海南陵水和浙江杭州两地共检测到籽粒相关主效QTL30个,包括籽粒QTL新座位18个,解释遗传变异3.51%~17.25%。其中粒长、粒宽、粒厚和长宽比QTL位点分别为9个、5个、5个和6个,千粒重QTL位点5个。经基因座位比对,发现有5个QTL区间与已克隆的调控籽粒形态相关基因座位相近,我们通过对双亲目标基因的测序并根据差异位点设计dCAPs分子标记进行验证。【结论】该RIL群体及其遗传图谱可用于水稻重要农艺性状主效QTL基因的定位和克隆,新定位的18个粒型QTL可以为水稻籽粒发育调控网络提供补充和资料积累。     

半干旱区玉米行距调整增密对群体冠层结构及产量的影响

为增加玉米种植密度,构建不同的群体冠层结构,以玉米不同行距配置为基础,研究乳熟期玉米群体的光能利用情况,分析不同行距配置对冠层结构及产量、产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,玉米产量与群体消光系数达到显著相关,且为负相关。在吉林省半干旱区玉米宽窄行行距70-30 cm和宽窄行行距80-30 cm配置下玉米群体对光能资源的利用达到最佳,且有效提高玉米群体产量,增产分别达到8.06%和22.82%。     

玉米机械收获子粒破碎率与含水率关系的品种间差异

基于2012～2017年在北疆大田机械粒收条件下获取的收获质量评价数据,分析当地主栽的9个品种机械粒收过程中子粒破碎率和含水率的关系。调查范围内,不同品种收获期子粒含水率平均值分布范围为19.6%(KX9384,KWS1568)～28.2%(联创808),破碎率平均值分布范围为2.8%(新引M753)～8.5%(KWS2564),收获时品种间子粒含水率和破碎率均存在显著差异。分析显示,虽然131个样本子粒含水率(y)与破碎率(x)之间呈极显著正相关(r=0.302**),符合二次曲线(y=ax~2+bx+c)关系,但不同品种破碎率对子粒含水率的响应程度具有一定差异。在相同含水率条件下不同品种耐破碎性能存在较大差异,相应满足国标破碎率≤5%和≤8%要求适宜收获的子粒含水率范围也不同。筛选出新引M751、新引M753、KX9384、登海618和先玉335等耐破碎性能较好的品种。     

Relationships among the chalkiness,kernel size and endosperm cell morphology of rice kernels at different spikelet positions within a panicle

The occurrence of chalky kernels in rice is causally related to kernel size and endosperm morphology. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of chalky kernels by analyzing kernel size, and the number and area of endosperm cells. Spikelets were sampled from upper and middle primary branches and lower secondary branches in a panicle, and divided into four categories: upper, middle, and lower perfect (PF) kernels and lower milky-white (MW) kernels. On the lower secondary branches, there was a higher percentage of chalky kernels, with smaller kernel lengths, widths and thicknesses, than the kernels on the upper and middle primary branches. MW kernels were smaller in size than PF kernels even on the same lower secondary branches. Regardless of grain appearance quality traits, the total areas of endosperm cross sections in lower kernels were significantly smaller than in upper kernels owing to the decreased cell area, and there was a significant negative correlation between the number of cells and average cell area. When the numbers and the areas of cells were analyzed using angular 30° intervals from the line connecting the center point and the dorsal vascular bundle, the MW kernels had significantly less cells than PF kernels near the ventral side at 120–180°. Thus, the decrease in the number of cells near the ventral side was a main causal factor in the decrease in MW kernel widths compared with PF kernel widths, and this suggested that cell division in MW kernels was inhibited at the early grain-filling stage.     

Harvest index is a critical factor influencing the grain yield of diverse wheat species under rain-fed conditions in the Mediterranean zone of southeastern Turkey and northern Syria

Environmental and plant factors critical to the grain yields of bread (Triticum aestivum L.), durum (T. durum L.) and emmer (T. dicoccum L.) wheat cultivars were investigated at two Mediterranean rain-fed field sites: Adana in southeastern Turkey (2009 and 2010) and Aleppo in northern Syria (2009). The grain yield (GY) and biological yield (BY) of most cultivars were higher in Adana than in Aleppo, and the lower GY in Aleppo resulted from lower harvest index (HI) and lower BY due to higher temperatures and lower rainfall. The variations in the HI among cultivars were greater in Adana than in Aleppo. The GY was closely related to the HI but not the BY across cultivars at each site, and a higher GY was accompanied by a superior conversion-efficiency of incident radiation during the grain filling period for grain yield [GY/Ra, where Ra is the cumulative radiation for 30 days after heading (D₃₀)] across all observations. The GY/Ra correlated negatively with the average temperature for D₃₀, and higher HI values resulted in higher GY/Ra. In Adana, the time from anthesis to physiological-maturity decreased as the average temperature for D₃₀ increased, resulting in a lower HI. Cultivars exhibiting the early heading trait can effectively escape the negative impacts of terminal high-temperature and water-shortage conditions on the HI. The results suggested that the HI is a critical factor for GY across diverse wheat cultivars under terminal high-temperatures and water-shortages in Mediterranean areas, and the BY is also an important factor under severe water-limitation conditions.     

洞庭湖区宜机收夏玉米品种的筛选

2016年,以7个夏玉米品种(百农5号、福单2号、丰玉8号、大丰28、新中玉801、福单4号、三北89)为材料,测定干物质积累量、灌浆速率、籽粒脱水速率,并在收获期进行机械化收获特性调查。结果表明:玉米干物质积累优势期为生育中期和后期,早熟品种丰玉8号、大丰28的单株干物质积累量分别为282、285 g,低于中迟熟品种的单株积累量;供试玉米籽粒的灌浆速率基本一致,在授粉后15 d左右达到高峰,随后逐渐降低;籽粒含水率均高于27%;机收籽粒破碎率均未达到1%的标准;除大丰28外,机收总损失率均低于5%;机收秸秆切碎长度合格率均高于93%,符合行业标准。综合分析,福单2号、百农5号产量分别为6 432、6 342 kg/hm~2,收获时籽粒破损率低,茎秆坚韧抗倒,基本达到机收籽粒的要求,宜于在洞庭湖区作机收品种栽培。     

亳州烟区烤烟不同品种和产区间烟叶钾氯含量的差异分析

为掌握亳州烟区烟叶钾氯含量的特征情况,以2013-2014年在安徽省亳州市4个烤烟主要种植区采集的土壤和烟叶为材料,对不同主栽品种烟叶钾氯含量和土壤理化性状进行了统计分析。结果表明:亳州烟区烟叶钾含量为6.2~21.9 g/kg,下部、中部和上部分别为13.9 g/kg、13.7 g/kg和11.7 g/kg。其中,70%以上的烟叶样品钾含量低于15 g/kg,只有50%的样品钾含量达到10 g/kg以上,少数样品烟叶钾含量能够达到20 g/kg。各产区间同一部位烟叶钾含量均无显著差异,不同品种烟叶钾含量表现为:中烟100龙江911NC89。烟叶氯含量为4.3~20.1 g/kg,下部、中部和上部分别为10.3 g/kg、10.2 g/kg和9.0 g/kg。其中,北部的芦庙和西南的双沟烟叶氯含量相对较低,而北部的张集较高;不同品种同一部位烟叶氯含量均无显著差异。总体而言,亳州烟区烟叶钾含量偏低,氯含量偏高,钾氯比偏低。因此,提钾降氯将是亳州生产优质烟叶的重要任务之一。为了提高烟叶钾含量,应改进施肥方式如采用根区施肥等以提高根区土壤钾素供应,并注重旱期烟田灌溉。为降低烟叶氯含量,烟地应选择氯含量低的土壤,严禁使用含氯肥料,并杜绝大水漫灌。