草坪病害及其防治

本文介绍草坪草常见侵染性病害（ 真菌、细菌、病毒和线虫病的致病病原） 和非侵染性病害,论述了草坪病害流行条件,强调预防为主的综合防治策略。     

浅析农牧交错区特殊地位与生态环境建设难点

农牧交错区是国家实施西部大开发的重点区域,通过建国50多年的艰苦努力,已经成为一条经济产业带,生产了大量的煤炭、石油、天然气和农牧产品支持国家的经济建设,并对西部地区起着重要的吸引和辐射作用。通过野外调查和资料分析,按照典型剖析、专题研究、总结提高的基本思路,分析了农牧交错区在国家经济建设中的地位与作用,探讨了在西部大开发中生态环境建设面临的严峻挑战,进而提出了相应的发展对策。     

调亏灌溉对高寒荒漠区人工混播草地土壤环境与牧草生长的影响

针对中国高寒荒漠草原区牧草种植模式单一、产量水平低下的草业畜牧业生产现状,探究更为有效的灌水模式以提高牧草产量,以实现区域水土资源高效利用。以燕麦和箭筈豌豆混播草地为研究对象,采用大田试验对比分析了7种调亏灌溉模式（拔节期轻度亏水BW₁：65%~75%,拔节期中度亏水BW₂：55%~65%,拔节期重度亏水BW₃：45%~55%,开花期轻度亏水KW₁：65%~75%,开花期中度亏水KW₂：55%~65%,开花期重度亏水KW₃：45%~55%,以全生育期充分灌水QW₀：75%~85%为对照）对混播草地土壤水分、土壤温度和土壤养分及牧草株高、茎叶比、产量和水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明：1）平均土壤贮水量随灌水亏缺程度的提高呈降低趋势,同一亏缺度条件下,拔节期亏水与开花期亏水间无显著差异。2）水分亏缺处理的平均土壤温度显著高于充分灌水处理,且水分亏缺度一定时,拔节期亏水处理的平均土壤温度显著高于开花期亏水处理。3）收获后各处理的土壤养分含量较播种前呈降低趋势。与充分灌水相比,开花期轻度亏水可显著提高土壤速效氮含量,而中度或重度水分亏缺不利于牧草对土壤速效磷和钾的吸收。4）同一灌水模式下,燕麦株高、茎叶比和产量均显著高于箭筈豌豆。7种灌水模式的草地耗水量为386.1~502.6 mm,与处理QW₀相比,处理KW₂的灌水量减少20.6%,牧草总产量无显著差异,可获得较高的水分利用效率（31.5 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1）、灌水利用效率（81.0 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1）、氮素吸收效率（0.99 kg·kg^-1）和氮肥偏生产力（191.1 kg·kg^-1）,是高寒荒漠区燕麦与箭筈豌豆混播人工草地节水、增产和高效的水分管理模式。     

Leptospira interrogans at the Human–Wildlife Interface in Northern Botswana: A Newly Identified Public Health Threat

Leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonosis in the world. In northern Botswana, humans live in close proximity to a diversity of wildlife and peridomestic rodents and may be exposed to a variety of zoonotic pathogens. Little is known regarding the occurrence and epidemiology of L. interrogans in Africa despite the recognized global importance of this zoonotic disease and the threat it poses to public health. In Botswana, banded mongooses (Mungos mungo) live in close proximity to humans across protected and unprotected landscapes and may be a useful sentinel species for assessing the occurrence of zoonotic organisms, such as L. interrogans. We utilized PCR to screen banded mongoose kidneys for leptospiral DNA and identified 41.5% prevalence of renal carriage of L. interrogans (exact binomial 95% CI 27.7–56.7%, n = 41). Renal carriage was also detected in one Selous' mongoose (Paracynictis selousi). This is the first published confirmation of carriage of L. interrogans in either species. This is also the first report of L. interrogans occurrence in northern Botswana and the only report of this organism in a wildlife host in the country. Pathogenic Leptospira are usually transmitted indirectly to humans through soil or water contaminated with infected urine. Other avenues, such as direct contact between humans and wildlife, as well as consumption of mongooses and other wildlife as bushmeat, may pose additional exposure risk and must be considered in public health management of this newly identified zoonotic disease threat. There is a critical need to characterize host species involvement and pathogen transmission dynamics, including human–wildlife interactions that may increase human exposure potential and infection risk. We recommend that public health strategy be modified to include sensitization of medical practitioners to the presence of L. interrogans in the region, the potential for human infection, and implementation of clinical screening. This study illustrates the need for increased focus on neglected zoonotic diseases as they present an important threat to public health.     

Occurrence and characterization of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig industries of northern Thailand

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) in pigs, farm workers, and the environment in northern Thailand, and to assess LA-MRSA isolate phenotypic characteristics. One hundred and four pig farms were randomly selected from the 21,152 in Chiang Mai and Lamphun provinces in 2012. Nasal and skin swab samples were collected from pigs and farm workers. Environmental swabs (pig stable floor, faucet, and feeder) were also collected. MRSA was identified by conventional bacterial culture technique, with results confirmed by multiplex PCR and multi locus sequence typing (MLST). Herd prevalence of MRSA was 9.61% (10 of 104 farms). Among pigs, workers, and farm environments, prevalence was 0.68% (two of 292 samples), 2.53% (seven of 276 samples), and 1.28% (four of 312 samples), respectively. Thirteen MRSA isolates (seven from workers, four from environmental samples, and two from pigs) were identified as Staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec IV sequences type 9. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests found 100% of the MRSA isolates resistant to clindamycin, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline, while 100% were susceptible to cloxacillin and vancomycin. All possessed a multidrug-resistant phenotype. This is the first evidence of an LA-MRSA interrelationship among pigs, workers, and the farm environment in Thailand.     

退牧还草改善草地生态环境

针对青海省草地生态环境趋于恶化的实际状况,提出退牧还草,改善草地生态环境建议和措施一是种植优良牧草,建立高产优质的人工草地;二是发展牧区二、三产业,搞好畜牧业服务体系建设;三是大力推广使用优质饲料产品;四是压缩非生产畜,缓解草场压力,走高效畜牧业路子;开展草地生态综合治理.     

北方寒区散栏育肥牛舍配套工艺及环境评价

[目的]为了发挥肉牛在北方冬季环境条件下其最佳生产潜力。[方法]设计了散栏保温牛舍和开放式散栏牛舍2种类型畜舍形式,分别在牛舍中心距离地面0.5m和1.5m处进行温度、湿度测定。[结果]舍内平均湿度为100%,最低温度为-0.6℃,育肥牛平均日增重达到0.83kg/头。[结论]散栏式牛舍冬季湿度大、温度低,牛只采食自由性较大,可改为采用颈杠式,固定床位,设有分隔栏方式,减少温湿度蒸发,同时可避免争食现象。     

草坪近地面光谱特征研究进展

论述了草坪光谱反射特征的研究近况。国内外利用光谱分析技术在草坪领域开展了较为深入的研究,发现了高羊茅、多年生黑麦草、草地早熟禾的部分品种之间存在明显的＂同色异谱＂现象;筛选出与草坪外观质量指标显著相关的敏感波段和植被指数,建立了草坪色泽、密度、盖度及冠层叶绿素水平的光谱反演模型;氮肥水平能够明显改变草坪在可见光和近红外...     

乱采滥挖野生药用植物对甘南草原生态环境的破坏

在实地考察和调查统计基础上,从甘南野生药用植物乱采滥挖时的表现,以及采挖野生药用植物造成草原植被破坏、水源涵养功能下降、药用植物资源可持续利用破坏和阻碍地方经济发展四方面,综合分析了乱采滥挖野生药用植物对甘南草原生态环境的破坏。提出运用经济和法律等手段,对甘南野生药用植物资源应进行适时、适地、留种和保护利用的原则,以遏制乱采滥挖现象,实现甘南草原野生药用植物资源的可持续利用。     

Evaluation of Pet‐Related Management Factors and the Risk of Salmonella spp. Carriage in Pet Dogs from Volunteer Households in Ontario (2005–2006)

The purpose of this study was to determine pet‐related management factors that may be associated with the presence of Salmonella spp. in feces of pet dogs from volunteer households. From October 2005 until May 2006, 138 dogs from 84 households in Ontario were recruited to participate in a cross‐sectional study. Five consecutive daily fecal samples were collected from each dog and enrichment culture for Salmonella spp. was performed. A higher than expected number of the dogs (23.2%; 32/138) had at least one fecal sample positive for Salmonella, and 25% (21/84) of the households had at least one dog shedding Salmonella. Twelve serotypes of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica were identified, with the predominant serotypes being Typhimurium (33.3%; 13/39), Kentucky (15.4%; 6/39), Brandenburg (15.4%; 6/39) and Heidelberg (12.8%; 5/39). Univariable logistic regression models were created with a random effect for household to account for clustering. Statistically significant risk factors for a dog testing positive included having contact with livestock, receiving a probiotic in the previous 30 days, feeding a commercial or homemade raw food diet, feeding raw meat and eggs, feeding a homemade cooked diet, and having more than one dog in the household. In two‐variable models that controlled for feeding raw food, the non‐dietary variables were no longer statistically significant. These results highlight the potential public health risk of including raw animal products in canine diets.