Achieving legislation requirements with different nitrogen fertilization strategies: Results from a long term experiment

The Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC, Anonymous, 1991) was developed in Europe to limit environmental threats from intensive livestock farming and N fertilizer applications to crops. It imposed several rules on farmers and public bodies, one of which was nutrient fertilization plan adoption. Here we use results from the Tetto Frati (Northern Italy) Long-Term Experiment to verify the terms and coefficients in the official Italian guidelines and evaluate the limitations imposed to organic fertilization amounts. For this purpose, we mined long-term experimental data of crop yield, N uptake, N use efficiency, and soil organic matter content from miscellanea cropping systems fertilized with farmyard manure (FYM) and bovine slurry (SLU), typical of a dairy farm in Northern Italy. N fertilization efficiency indicators (Removal to Fertilizer ratio, Apparent Recovery and Nitrogen Fertilizer Replacement Value) indicated that in the long run, FYM behaved similarly to urea, and better than SLU. Even N supply rates as high as 250 kg N ha⁻¹ were justified by high rates of crop removal. In fact, among the terms of the mass-balance equation, SOM mineralization was found to be most relevant, followed by meadow rotation residual effects. We conclude that a revised Nitrates Directives application scheme could be more relaxed in its application limit of manure-N, but should be more ambitious in setting efficiency coefficients for manure fertilization.     

陇川坝水稻德优8号(香型)品种优质高产栽培技术

通过云南陇川引进水稻德优8号(香型)品种的示范种植,初步提出了德优8号(香型)在陇川坝的优质高产栽培技术措施。     

Nutrient‐Release Rates of Controlled‐Release Fertilizers in Forest Soil

Abstract

Nutrient‐release rates of controlled‐release fertilizer (CRF) with four different labeled release periods were evaluated. Samples (30 g) sealed with nylon mesh were buried at a clearcut forest site (Price soil series) in western Oregon, USA, in February 2000 and excavated every 7 weeks for 14 months to determine residual weight and composition. Cool, dry soil conditions apparently prolonged nutrient release beyond labeled rates; the fertilizer with the shortest release period (3–4 months) released approximately 72% of the fertilizer (by weight), whereas that with the longest release period (8–9 months) released 48%. Release varied among individual nutrients [nitrate (NO₃)>ammonia (NH₃)>potassium (K)>sulfur (S)>magnesium (Mg)>phosphorus (P)]. Minimal changes in micronutrient [iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and molybdenum (Mo)] contents were attributed to the formation of insoluble compounds with P. Variable release among individual nutrients demonstrates a limitation toward delivering a full range of nutrients and suggests that further refinement of CRF technology is needed to optimize nutrient availability under realistic field conditions.     

浅谈樟子松的播种育苗技术

文章对樟子松的播种育苗技术进行了详细论述,包括如何选育苗地、施底肥、种子催芽、作床、播种、播种后及苗期的抚育管理、越冬保护、移植苗培育等,这些技术在生产实践中具有较强的实用意义。     

优良经济植物结香栽培技术

结香是一种中药材兼优质纤维用材树种,有很高的经济价值,开发利用前景广阔。结香投产后通过科学管理、合理利用、及时复壮,可连续获得收益,年产值可达5.0万～7.5万元/hm2,经济寿命达10～15 a。通过多年实践,总结出结香苗木繁殖、造林方法、林分管理、采收利用和复壮技术等主要栽培技术,可在生产中推广应用。     

施肥对割草地羊草功能性状和化学计量学的影响

本研究以羊草（Leymus chinensis）为研究对象,测定羊草植物功能性状、营养元素和化学计量等多个指标,进行多角度综合系统的研究,阐释羊草割草地羊草种群对不同改良措施的响应特点及变化规律。运用单、双因素方差分析、相关分析和主成分分析方法对相关指标进行统计分析。结果表明：大多数羊草功能性状对施肥处理较为敏感,但随着施肥年份增加,部分指标敏感程度减弱;高浓度（N 10.5 g·m^-2+P 5.1 g·m^-2）施肥处理显著增加了株高和茎长,茎长成为羊草株高增长的主要因素;高浓度（N 10.5 g·m^-2+P 5.1 g·m^-2）施肥处理有利于羊草种群地上生物量的增加;羊草氮含量随着施肥年份增加逐渐增加,羊草氮含量与羊草C：N存在高度负相关,施肥（N 10.5 g·m^-2+P 5.1 g·m^-2）处理下羊草叶片和茎的C：N,羊草个体和叶片C：P最低。     

表皮生长因子的作用机理及对体外受精的影响

表皮生长因子(EGF)是一种重要的多肽类生长因子,它对卵母细胞的体外成熟和早期胚胎的发育具有明显的促进作用。大量研究表明:EGF能够以旁分泌(Paracrine)或自分泌(Autocrine)的形式作用于胚胎组织中的EGFR,刺激内细胞团(ICM)和滋养外胚层的增殖,从而调节早期胚胎的发育。     

大豆高产优质施肥研究与应用

本文概述了大豆营养特性与施肥的研究结果，提出了高产施肥的关键技术。大豆营养特性：一是对主要营养元素的吸收量较稻、麦作物高（等量籽粒产量），生产100kg大豆约吸收6.5~8.5kg N，1.8~2.8kg P2O5，2.7~3.7kg K2O，3.5~4.8kg CaO，1.8~2.9kg MgO，4.5~9.5g Zn。二是对主要营养元素的吸收积累高峰在花荚期，N、P、K的60~70%在在此期吸收，而不同于稻麦等作物。三是总氮源的40~60%来源共生固氮，而共生固氮又受土壤N、P、K、Ca、Mo、Zn等及土壤PH值影响。四是大豆成熟阶段营养器官的养分向籽粒转移率高，Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ分别达58~77%，60~75%，45~75%。大豆施用N、P、K、Zn、Mo、B肥均显著提提高产量，合理配合施用可达到180~300kg/亩。N、P提高籽粒蛋白质含量，K与Zn提高脂肪含量，P、K、Zn、Mo及少量N肥可提高结瘤固氮率。N、P、K和多种微肥可减轻东北连作大豆的不利因子危害，大幅度增加产量。大豆高产施肥，一是根据土壤、植株养分含量确定施肥数量，二是有机肥与N、P、K肥及多种微肥配合施用，三是注重前茬作物施肥，增肥土壤，四是根据土壤条件、耕作制度、大豆品种特性确定施肥数量、方法、时期。中等肥力高产施肥一般应施用N 8，P2O5 4，K2O 4，ZnSo4 1.5(kg/亩)，钼酸铵20~30g/亩，P、K、Zn用作底或种肥，N肥钼肥种肥花期追肥各半，另于花荚期喷施P、N、Mo肥二次     

5100QB柴油机振动测试与分析

针对云内5100QB柴油机装车后在高速行驶工况易出现离合器壳断裂现象,通过各试验工况下的多测点测试及幅值谱的振动分析,分析5100QB柴油机自身的振动力源及导致离合器壳开裂的主要原因。