海蜇—对虾—缢蛏—牙鲆综合养殖池塘的食物网分析

在面积6.7 hm^2,水深1.5～2.0 m的池塘中进行海蜇—中国明对虾—缢蛏—褐牙鲆综合养殖,在4—9月养殖周期内,采用碳氮稳定同位素法和IsoSource线性混合模型计算各种饵料对海蜇、中国明对虾、缢蛏和褐牙鲆的平均饵料贡献率,以探讨综合养殖池溏的营养级和池塘食物网结构。试验结果表明,海蜇的主要食物来源为投喂的轮虫;中国明对虾的食物来源为鳀鱼、虾夷扇贝下脚料和蜢虾;缢蛏的主要食物来源为底栖硅藻,其次为中国明对虾与褐牙鲆粪便;褐牙鲆的主要食物来源为中国明对虾,其次为虾夷扇贝下脚料和鳀鱼。海蜇的营养级为2.09～3.43,平均值为2.81;中国明对虾的营养级为3.11～4.04,平均值为3.72;缢蛏的营养级为2.37～2.94,平均值为2.62;褐牙鲆的营养级为2.63～3.83,平均值为3.42。综合分析发现,海蜇摄食浮游动物,缢蛏滤食底栖硅藻,中国明对虾和褐牙鲆摄食投喂的虾夷扇贝下脚料和鳀鱼,褐牙鲆也摄食部分中国明对虾,两者的粪便不仅为浮游单胞藻和底栖硅藻生长提供营养,还为缢蛏提供了饵料。上述研究结果为多品种海水综合养殖池塘的生态健康养殖提供科学依据。     

化学感觉和机械感觉与鱼类摄食行为关系的研究进展

鱼类的摄食行为是多种感觉器官共同作用的结果。然而,不同生态习性的鱼类在摄食行为中起主导作用的感觉器官是不同的。对于底层活动、夜间活动、深水活动的鱼类,由于生存环境光线较弱,非视觉器官,如化学感觉器官、电觉器官和侧线机械感觉器官等在摄食行为中具有更为重要的作用。根据近年来国内外的研究成果,本文综述了化学感觉和机械感觉与鱼类摄食行为关系的研究进展。重点阐述了嗅觉化学感觉和侧线机械感觉在鱼类捕食行为中的作用。     

不同投饵率对达氏鳇幼鱼生长影响的初步研究

为了确定达氏鳇(Huso dauricus)幼鱼适宜的投饵率,选取同一种饲料,设置的5个投饵率水平(分别为体重的0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%),在水温17～20℃、溶氧6.2mg/L以上的环境下,对达氏鳇幼鱼生长进行为期30d的试验。应用SPSS软件对各实验组相应的数据进行分析。结果表明,5个投饵率水平的达氏鳇幼鱼相对增重率和特定生长率先升高、后下降、再升高、再下降,而饲料转化率则逐渐下降;达氏鳇幼鱼在该条件下的适宜投饵率为1.0%。     

魁蚶食性及摄食季节变化的初步研究

根据1990年10月～1991年9月在山东烟台近海采集的魁蚶样品观察和分析,结果表明,魁蚶的食物组成比较简单,以摄食植物性饵料为主,兼食浮游动物。主要种类有硅藻门的圃筛藻、舟形藻、菱形藻、曲舟藻、沟直链藻和粗纹藻以及浮游动物中的挠足类。除冬季外,魁蚶在其他季节均摄食。摄食的种类主要取决于自然海域中硅藻类等优势饵料生物种类的季节变化。     

中华鼢鼠生物学特性的研究

通过研究中华鼢鼠生物学特性,其食性食量125g/d,每个洞内食物存放平均750g;解剖观察,怀孕胚胎2～4个,平均3.38个,雌雄比为53.164∶6.84。     

Development of two telemetry-based systems for monitoring the feeding behaviour of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in aquaculture sea-cages

Two novel acoustic transmitter tags intended to reflect feeding behaviours in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were developed and tested in this study. Using information from the literature and video recordings of feeding salmon, measurements of swimming depth and motion (acceleration) were identified as two promising sensing principles on which to base the tag development. Video footage and laboratory studies were used to develop corresponding algorithms that translated depth and acceleration measurements into compound parameters reflecting the different aspects that discern feeding activity from other activities. Field tests performed in a sea-farm were used to verify the functionality of the tags, and indicated that both tag types had potential in distinguishing between feeding and non-feeding behaviour. Additionally, both depth- and acceleration-based tags were seen to have applications to fish monitoring and farm management beyond that of observing feeding in salmon, in giving recordings of the vertical swimming behaviour of fish over extended periods of time as well as indications of the activity changes of fish due to external influences. These results suggest that fish telemetry using sensor-based transmitter tags could represent a useful tool in future fish farm management.     

太原南效区寒鸦冬季种群动态及食性分析

本文于1987—1989年三个冬季间,对太原南效区的寒鸦种群动态进行了研究。研究结果表明,本区4月份寒鸦数量最少,骑自行车每时行程6公里可遇见寒鸦131.7只,12月数量最多,骑自行车每时行程6公里可遇见寒鸦3834.7只。其种群结构中,成鸟:幼鸟=1:2.33;雌鸟:雄鸟=1:0.96,为扩展型种群。冬季食物以农作物和杂草种子为主,分别占总食量的42.32％和41.50％。     

Feeding has the largest effect on the ammonia excretion rate of the southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, and the western rock lobster, Panulirus cygnus

The total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) excretion of spiny lobsters Jasus edwardsii and Panulirus cygnus, was determined in relation to temperature, body weight, emersion, daily rhythm and feeding. Temperature and body weight had large influences on the rate of TAN excretion. Exponential relationships were found between temperature (T) and TAN excretion of both species. These were described by the following equations: J. edwardsii Log₁₀ TAN=0.041T−3.57 (r²=0.979, F=143.2, P=0.001), P. cygnus Log₁₀ TAN=0.057T−3.90 (r²=0.987, F=302.2, P<0.001). TAN excretions of both species were positively correlated to body weight (W), and the relationships were described by the following equations: J. edwardsii Log₁₀ TAN=0.473 log₁₀ W−1.704 (r²=0.42, F=14.05, P=0.001), P. cygnus Log₁₀ TAN=0.499 log₁₀ W−1.346 (r²=0.69, F=44.18, P<0.001). TAN excretion increased significantly when lobsters were re-immersed after a 30 min period of emersion. However, it returned to pre-emersion levels by the second hour of re-immersion. Daily rhythm resulted in a significantly higher nocturnal TAN excretion rate for J. edwardsii; no daily rhythm was observed for P. cygnus. Feeding had the largest influence on TAN excretion, with maximum increases of 6.28 (J. edwardsii) and 5.60 (P. cygnus) times the pre-feeding level. TAN excretion rates remained significantly higher than the pre-feeding levels for an extended period (26 h, J. edwardsii; 30 h, P. cygnus). Implications for the use of purging tanks in lobster holding facilities and for the design of biofiltration systems are discussed.     

楼房猪场的前世、今生和未来

文章回顾了我国楼房猪场的发展历程,区分了传统平层猪场堆叠起来的楼房猪场和基于楼房特点优化设计的新式楼房猪场,重点描述了当前楼房猪场的特点及问题.可以看出,新式楼房猪场是养猪先进生产力的代表,具有强大的生命力和发展前景.     

4种热带灌木饲用价值研究

测定了银合欢、大叶千斤拔、木豆和假木豆等4种常见热带灌木的主要营养成分和单宁含量及在舍饲条件下海南黑山羊对4种供试植物的采食量,采用饲料相对值RFV( Relative Feed Value)和粗饲料分级指数GI( Grading Index)对4种热带灌木的饲用品质进行了评定,并对干物质采食量与供试植物营养成分和单宁含量作了相关性分析.结果表明:2种评定体系分析表明,4种供试植物都有较高的饲用价值,且其在2种评定体系中的排序完全一致;海南黑山羊对热带灌木的采食量显著受到植物中干物质、粗灰分、酸性洗涤纤维、单宁含量的影响,海南黑山羊对干物质含量高且单宁含量低的植物有较高的采食量.