温度对中华原钩虾(Eogammarus possjeticus)摄食率和消化酶活力的影响

采用生理生态学和酶学分析方法,测定了不同温度下中华原钩虾的摄食率和消化酶活力。结果显示,温度对中华原钩虾幼体消化酶活力的影响差异极显著(P<0.01)。在15?25℃范围内,胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶及淀粉酶的活力随培养温度的升高而增加;在20?25℃范围内,胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力均处于较高水平,说明中华原钩虾幼体在此温度范围内具有较好的消化吸收能力。作为甲壳动物食性指标的淀粉酶/类胰蛋白酶活力(A/T)比值在1.2?1.5之间,说明此阶段中华原钩虾幼体偏植物食性。中华原钩虾日摄食率受温度影响显著(P<0.05),在水温20?25℃之间,中华原钩虾幼体具有最大摄食率,其回归方程为：y = ?0.754 x2+33.297 x?277.57 (R2=0.958),最大日摄食率为89.84%。成体在20℃左右达到日摄食率的最大值,其回归方程为：y = ?0.247 x2+10.463 x– 78.287 (R2=0.998),最大日摄食率为32.47%;中华原钩虾幼体和成体饵料吸收率均随温度升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,各温度处理组幼体的饵料吸收率均高于成体。根据饵料吸收率回归方程,可得到最大饵料吸收率,幼体为59.86%,成体为56.86%,对应的温度分别为幼体21.30℃、成体21.24℃。因此,20?25℃是培育中华原钩虾的适宜水温范围。     

Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) vertical movements in the Azores Islands determined with pop-up satellite archival tags

Movement patterns of 17 bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) near the Azores Islands were analyzed between April and May 2001 and 2002 using pop‐up satellite archival tags. Despite short attachment durations (1 to 21 days, 8.2 days on average), their vertical movements revealed much shallower distribution of bigeye tuna in comparison with previous studies in the tropical Pacific and tropical Atlantic. Depth and temperature histograms were unimodal, although overall depth distribution during the day was deeper than during the night due to daily incursions in deeper waters. Although generalized additive models showed significant non‐linear relationships with weight of the fish and sea level anomaly (as a proxy for variability of thermocline depth), the effect of these variables on bigeye depth appeared minor, suggesting that vertical movements of bigeye in the Azores during the spring migration may be influenced by food availability in upper water layers.     

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) grazing on duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza)

The aims of this experiment were (1) toquantify the ability of grass carp to processduckweed and (2) to assess indirect changes inwater chemistry and phytoplankton community,caused by grass carp feeding. Yearling grass carp sized 126 ± 7.7 mm (TL) and19.6 g in weight were kept in 9 laminate tanksof 1 m³ for 14 days. Two stockingdensities (2 and 6 fish per m³) anda control without fish were used. Standard growthrate (SGR) of grass carp fed exclusively onduckweed was 0.70% body weight (BW) d^–1and food conversion ratio (FCR) reached 2.0(average water temperature =21.1 ± 3.8 °C). Daily food intakewas 0.2 g of duckweed dry weight (DW), i.e.,1% of average BW of grass carp. SGR ofduckweed growing in 20 × 20 cm floatingenclosures, differed significantly[F(6,2) = 417.9; p = 0.002] between the twostocking densities of grass carp and thecontrol tanks (without fish). Mean SGR ofduckweed was 0.02 g g^–1 day^–1 and thehighest SGR was recorded in the control tanks.Both decrease in NH₄-N and increase inNO₂-N concentrations differedsignificantly between the treatments[F(2,2) = 45.3; p = 0.02 and F(2,2) = 19.2; p = 0.04 respectively]. Changes in other nitrogenand phosphorus components (NO₃-N, TN, TPand PO₄-P) caused by stocking of grasscarp were not significant. Biomass ofphytoplankton, dominated by filamentous algaeand blue-greens, increased proportionately tostocking density of grass carp. Althoughduckweed has a large potential for nutrientremoval, the most common pathway for thenutrients released through grass carp grazingif duckweed cover is loose is theirincorporation into phytoplankton biomass.     

The influence of feeding history on the acute stress response of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The effect of an 80-day maintenance-feeding period on the acute stress response of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, to net confinement was determined. Fish were raised on an optimal feeding level of 20 g food/kg of metabolic fish weight per day (g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹) until 124 days post-hatch (dph). Feeding in group one (L>H) was then reduced to maintenance levels, i.e. 5 g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹ until 204 dph, when the feeding was again increased to 20 g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹. In group two (H>L), the feeding level was reduced from 20 to 5 g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹ on day 146. All fish were sampled at 226 dph. Food ration had significant effects on the growth rate and food conversion values with fish fed the high ration performing better than those on a lower level. Prior to the application of the stressor, only plasma levels of triglycerides were lower in fish fed a low food ration (H>L). Feeding history influenced the onset of the stress response with stressor-induced elevations of plasma cortisol, glucose and free fatty acids being higher in fish fed a high ration compared with those fed a low ration prior to sampling. These results suggest that feeding history through modification of the energy reserves can influence the onset of the acute stress response.     

Compensatory growth in Atlantic halibut: Effect of starvation and subsequent feeding on growth, maturation, feed utilization and flesh quality

A group of juvenile Atlantic halibut (mean, SD, 199.5 g, 44.7) was split into two experimental groups: one group was fed in excess twice a day and later five days a week (i.e. Control group), and the other group was starved for 5 weeks and then subsequently re-fed for 10 weeks (i.e. 5/10 starvation/re-fed group). This treatment was repeated for three years until the fish were harvested (mean final weight, 4.4 kg). A size +specific compensatory response was seen; partial compensation was observed in halibut weighing less than 500 g whereas full recovery growth was seen in halibut over 2 kg. Food consumption and feed conversion efficiency was measured during two full 5/10 starvation/re-fed cycles. The Control group consumed 86% more food in the measurement period, whereas the FCE 40% higher in the 5/10 starvation/re-fed group (FCE = 0.95) compared to the Control group (FCE = 0.68). In males lower gonadosomatic index (2.2 vs. 3.0) and plasma 11-ketotestosterone (0.22 vs. 1.26 ng ml^− 1) levels in the 5/10 starvation/re-fed group were observed during late winter and spring of 2006 (age 3 years) indicating higher age at 1st maturity. Starvation had a significant effect for improving the quality as starved fish had higher muscle pH (6.4 vs. 6.2), less gaping (0.1 vs. 0.3) and harder texture (61.4 vs. 57.6 N). Overall, the rearing on a repeated 5/10 starvation/re-fed regime for 3 years led to full growth compensation, higher feed conversion efficiency, lower male maturation and improved flesh quality.     

The understudied and underappreciated role of predation in the mortality of fish released from fishing gears

The assumption that animals released from fishing gears survive has frequently been scrutinized by researchers in recent years. Mortality estimates from these research efforts can be incorporated into management models to ensure the sustainability of fisheries and the conservation of threatened species. Post‐release mortality estimates are typically made by holding the catch in a tank, pen or cage for short‐term monitoring (e.g. 48 h). These estimates may be inaccurate in some cases because they fail to integrate the challenges of the wild environment. Most obvious among these challenges is predator evasion. Stress and injury from a capture experience can temporarily impair physiological capacity and alter behaviour in released animals, a period during which predation risk is likely elevated. In large‐scale commercial fisheries, predators have adapted their behaviour to capitalize on impaired fishes being discarded, while in recreational catch‐and‐release fisheries, exercise and air exposure can similarly impede the capacity for released fish to evade opportunistic predators. Owing to the indirect and often cryptic nature of this source of mortality, very few studies have attempted to document it. A survey of the literature demonstrated that <2% of the papers in the combined realms of bycatch and catch‐and‐release have directly addressed or considered post‐release predation. Future research should combine field telemetry and laboratory studies using both natural and simulated predation encounters and incorporate physiological and behavioural endpoints. Quite simply, predation is an understudied and underappreciated contributor to the mortality of animals released from fishing gears.     

基于碳、氮稳定同位素研究黄海及东海北部主要鱼类的营养级和食性

本研究通过对2011~2014年间在黄海及东海北部采集的36种海洋鱼类进行碳、氮稳定同位素测定,利用碳稳定同位素比值(δ¹³C)计算底层饵料贡献比(Bp)来确定鱼类的食性,利用氮稳定同位素比值(δ¹⁵N)计算其营养级(TL)。结果显示,这36种鱼类的营养级范围为2.75~4.34,平均值为3.47。其中,4种为完全浮游生物食性,8种为底栖生物食性,完全底栖生物食性为12种,混合食性为12种。中(TL=3.5~4)、低(TL<3.5)营养级的种类占大多数(91.67%),而高营养级(TL>4)种类较少,仅为3种,且全部为混合食性。营养级的研究结果与1986、1992和2004年的研究对比发现,个别种类发生了改变。如蓝点马鲛(Sconberonorus niphonius)营养级有不同程度的下降;而黄鲫(Setipinna t)aty却有不同程度的上升。食性的研究结果与2004、2009和2011年的研究对比发现,有些种类食性发生了较大变化,如白姑鱼(Argyrosomus argentatus);有些种类食性几乎没有变化,如小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)。     

Dietary mannan oligosaccharide enhances salinity tolerance and gut development of larval cobia

The potential beneficial effects of supplementing live feeds with mannan oligosaccharide (MOS; BioMos®) upon cobia Rachycentron canadum larval performance were examined. Characteristics of fish examined included survival to weaning, growth, ability to withstand osmotic stress and the degree of development of the brush border of the intestine. Live feeds included rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) and Artemia which were enriched for 24 h with a commercial enrichment media alone or in combination with 0.2% (dry weight basis) MOS. Salinity challenges were performed at 6 days post-hatch (dph) and at 7, 13, and 14 dph (0 and 65 g L^− 1 for 6 dph; 0 and 55^− 1 7+ dph) corresponding to transitions in feeding, to examine the ability of larval cobia to survive stress. Differences (P < 0.05) in survival, favoring cobia receiving MOS-supplemented feeds were discerned at 6 and 7 days post-hatch (dph) when fish were challenged at 0 g L^− 1 and at 13 dph when challenged with 55 g L^− 1 salinity water. Electron microscopy of the mid-intestine of developing larvae revealed that MOS-supplemented diets enhanced (P < 0.05) the height of microvilli while reducing (P < 0.05) the occurrence and size of supranuclear vacuoles. Supplementation of diets with MOS could assist cobia larvae in maintaining allostasis especially when reared at sub-optimal salinities.     

Diet composition of sturgeon fry (Acipenser persicus) reared in fertilized earthen ponds

Artificial rearing of fry has been introduced as an alternative to supply fry and juvenile sturgeon in order to restock the depleted sturgeon population in the Caspian Sea. The aim of this study is to assess the feed selection characteristics of sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) fry during the period in which they stay in earthen ponds before being released into the river. Sturgeon fry weighing around 150 mg were introduced into five almost similar‐sized earthen ponds. The ponds were enriched with fertilizer to supply natural food for the fries. A weekly sample of six specimens was collected from each pond during the 5 weeks of the experiment. All collected fish were weighed and then dissected for inspection of the stomach and the intestine content. The overall stomach content measured from 150 fish showed that around 74% of the stomach content was composed of chironomids and the rest was daphnia and cyclops. At the beginning of the study (first 2 weeks), sturgeon fry feed more on daphnia and cyclops; this trend, however, reversed in the last 2 weeks of the study. In conclusion, sturgeon fry feed on three prey groups—chironomids, daphnia and cyclops—during their lifespan in earthen pond. Feeding on chironomids larvae increased with sturgeon fry size.     

鸭绿江上游花羔红点鲑的年龄_生长_食性和繁殖的研究

花羔红点鲑的鳞片年累特征为疏密一切割混合型。体长和体重关系密切,属均匀性生长类型。主要以水生昆虫为食,对食物有明显的选择性;主要摄食季节为夏秋两季,但可终年摄食。雌雄鱼几乎２＋龄达到性成熟,产卵期为１０￣１１月,绝对繁殖力为２８０￣５００粒,每年产一次卵,属秋季产卵类型。产卵场底质为石砾,水深５０￣７０ｃｍ,水流速度１．５￣２．０ｍ／ｓ,水温一般为５￣８℃。