2012年夏季南奥克尼群岛水域表层海水中典型痕量元素分布研究

根据2012年夏季南奥克尼群岛水域采集的表层水样本,利用原子吸收分光光度法分析了该水域表层水中的铜,铅,锌和铁的含量及分布。结果表明：铜浓度在0.033-0.121mg/L之间,铅浓度在0.414-1.478 mg/L之间,锌浓度在0.008 -0.083 mg/L之间,铁浓度在0.255-0.454 mg/L之间,平均值分别为0.059 mg/L,0.908 mg/L,0.037 mg/L和0.351mg/L。铁与锌含量有着自西向东逐渐增加的趋势。本研究可为建立南极半岛海洋环境信息数据库提供基础数据,为进一步开展南大洋海洋生物地球化学研究奠定良好的基础。     

Effects of intensification of pastoral farming on greenhouse gas emissions in New Zealand

Abstract

AIMS: The aims of this cross-sectional study were to investigate the herd and cow-level prevalence of bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) in dairy farms in the northern Taranaki region of New Zealand, and to identify whether there was any spatial clustering of herds with the disease.

METHODS: A survey of 224 dairy farms in the northern Taranaki region of New Zealand was undertaken from September 2014 to February 2015. Following training in robust criteria to confirm BDD visually, a technician inspected the rear feet of every milking cow on the farms during milking. The identity of cows with lesions and the feet involved were recorded. The proportion of cows affected among the inspected population (cow-level prevalence), the proportion of a herd affected (farm-level prevalence), and proportion of farms with ≥1 cow with lesions, were calculated. A bivariate K function analysis was then used to assess whether farms with ≥1 cow with lesions were clustered, after accounting for the distribution of the farms involved in the study.

RESULTS: Bovine digital dermatitis lesions were observed on 143/224 (63.8 (95% CI=57.5–70.1)%) farms. Within-farm prevalence was 0% on 81 (36.2%) farms, between >0 and <3% on 120 (53.5%) farms, with a maximum prevalence of 12.7% on one farm. Overall, cow-level prevalence was 707/60,455 (1.2 (95% CI=0.9–3.0)%), and on affected farms was 707/41,116 (1.7 (95% CI=1.4–2.1)%). In affected cows, 268/707 (37.9%) had a lesion on left foot only, 262/707 (37.1%) on the right foot only and 177/707 (25.0%) on both feet. The K function analysis showed no evidence of clustering of farms with BDD.

CONCLUSIONS: Bovine digital dermatitis was widespread among the survey farms, but there was no evidence that there was any clustering of herds with BDD. The cow-level prevalence on affected farms was much lower than reported elsewhere.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although the prevalence at the cow level was low, if these data are representative of other regions of New Zealand, BDD could easily become a major problem on dairy farms in New Zealand, as has been observed in other countries.     

白肉灵芝水提物对脑缺血大鼠海马神经元的保护作用

试验旨在探讨白肉灵芝水提物（Ganoderma leucocontextum aqueous extracts,GLAE）对脑缺血后海马神经元的保护作用及机制。将50只健康大鼠分为对照组、模型组、GLAE低（0.05 mg/（g·BW））、中（0.1 mg/（g·BW））、高（0.2 mg/（g·BW））剂量组。利用双侧颈总动脉夹闭法建立大鼠脑缺血模型,GLAE组灌胃不同剂量的GLAE干预,对照组和模型组灌胃同体积的生理盐水,连续2周。用跳台试验方法检测记忆获得、记忆巩固和记忆再现障碍大鼠的学习记忆能力,HE染色观察大鼠海马组织的病理形态的变化,比色法检测海马组织一氧化氮合酶（nitric oxide synthase,NOS）活性和一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）含量,Western blotting和实时荧光定量PCR法分别检测海马组织生长相关蛋白-43（growth associated protein-43,GAP-43）和脑源性神经生长因子（brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF）的水平。结果显示,与对照组相比,模型组大鼠跳台试验的逃避潜伏期显著缩短、电击次数显著增加（P<0.05）;海马神经元细胞出现明显核固缩、排列松散紊乱等退行性改变,细胞数量显著减少（P<0.05）;海马组织NOS活性和NO含量均显著降低（P<0.05）;大鼠海马组织GAP-43蛋白表达量显著升高（P<0.05）;海马组织BDNF mRNA表达量显著下调（P<0.05）。与模型组相比,GLAE干预后,大鼠逃避潜伏期均显著延长、电击次数均显著减少（P<0.05）;GLAE高剂量组大鼠CA1区和齿状回锥体神经元细胞形态明显改善,神经元数量显著增加（P<0.05）;GLAE低剂量组对NOS活性影响不明显（P>0.05）,显著增加NO含量（P<0.05）,GLAE中、高剂量组NOS活性和NO含量均显著升高（P<0.05）;GLAE低、中、高剂量组海马组织GAP-43蛋白表达量均显著增加（P<0.05）;GLAE低、中、高剂量组海马组织BDNF mRNA表达量均显著增加（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,GLAE可通过提高NOS活性和NO水平、促进海马神经发生和功能恢复对脑缺血后海马神经元损伤有一定的保护作用,从而改善大鼠认知功能,0.2 mg/g GLAE效果最好。     

Agronomic evaluation of mulching and iron nutrition on productivity,nutrient uptake,iron use efficiency and economics of aerobic rice-wheat cropping system

Field experiments were carried out during rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons (June–April) of 2008–2010 at Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, to study the productivity, nutrients uptake, iron (Fe) use-efficiency and economics of aerobic rice-wheat cropping system as influenced by mulching and Fe nutrition. The highest yield attributes, grain and straw yields (5.41 tonnes ha^?1 and 6.56 tonnes ha^?1, respectively) and nutrient uptake in rice was recorded with transplanted and puddled rice (TPR) followed by aerobic rice with Sesbania aculeata mulch. However, residual effect of aerobic rice with wheat straw mulch was more pronounced on yield attributes, grain and straw yields (4.20 and 6.70 tonnes ha^?1, respectively) and nutrient uptake in succeeding wheat and remained at par with aerobic rice with Sesbania mulch. Application of iron sulfate (FeSO₄) at 50 kg ha^?1 + 2 foliar sprays of 2% FeSO₄ was found to be the best in terms of all the yield attributes, grain and straw yield (5.09 and 6.17 tonnes ha^?1, respectively) and nutrient uptake and remained at par with 3 foliar sprays of 2% FeSO₄. Although residual effect of iron application failed to increase the yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N, P, K) except Fe. The highest system productivity, nutrient uptake, gross returns, net returns, B: C ratio and lowest cost of cultivation were recorded with aerobic rice with wheat straw and Sesbania aculeata mulch. Application of FeSO₄ at 50 kg ha^?1 + two foliar sprays of 2% FeSO₄ was found better in respect of system productivity, nutrient uptake, gross returns, net returns, B:C ratio and cost of cultivation in aerobic rice-wheat cropping system. The Fe use efficiency values viz. partial factor productivity (kg grain kg^?1 Fe), agronomic efficiency (kg grain increased kg^?1 Fe applied), agrophysiological efficiency (kg grain kg^?1 Fe uptake), physiological efficiency (kg biomass kg^?1 Fe uptake), apparent recovery (%) utilization efficiency and harvest index (%) of applied Fe were significantly affected due to methods of rice production and various Fe nutrition treatments in aerobic rice and aerobic rice-wheat cropping system.     

盐胁迫下NO对玉米幼苗生理特性的影响

为探讨外源一氧化氮(NO)供体和清除剂对玉米幼苗抗盐性的影响,用50 mmol/L的NaCl浇灌4叶期的玉米幼苗造成盐害,同时加入10～100 μmol/L的NO生成剂硝普钠(SNP)或清除剂CPTIO.试验结果表明,加入NO供体SNP可以提高玉米叶片中NO的含量,降低超氧阴离子的产生速率,降低叶片脂氧合酶活性(LOX)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率,提高叶片相对含水量、延缓叶绿素的降解和提高植株干重;在SNP不同的使用浓度中,以40 μmol/L的SNP效果最好,当SNP浓度过低和过高时均达不到理想的效果.当NO被CPTIO清除后则加速玉米的受害程度.因此适当浓度NO能够减轻玉米受盐胁迫的伤害.     

Oxygen free radical injury of myocardial mitochondria in the experimental type 2 diabetic rats

AIM: To study the mechanism of diabetic cardiomyopathy and abnormality of oxygen free radicals. METHODS: The contents of myocardial cytosolic cytochrome C, mitochondria cytochrome C, mitochondrial calcium, NO, MDA and the activity of SOD and NOS were determined in diabetic rats induced by STZ. The pathological changes were observed under transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: Compared to the normal and ganoderma group, the levels of mitochondrial NO, iNOS, MDA, calcium and plasma Cyt-C in rat myocardium were higher (P<0.05), while mitochondrial Cyt-C and SOD were lowered in model group (P<0.05). The bouncary indistinct, disorganization, a focal loss of muscular fibril, myocardium mitochondria swelling, pulmonary vascular endothelial cellular swelling and obstructed lumen of the capillary were also observed under transmission electronic microscope. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that oxyradical and lipid peroxidation might be associated with the damage of myocardial mitochondria in NIDDM rats. Cyt-C and mitochondrial calcium is also involved in the process.     

Fluxes of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide from experimental excreta patches in boreal agricultural soil

Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions were measured from experimental dung and urine patches placed on boreal pasture soil during two growing seasons and one autumn period until soil freezing. N₂O emissions in situ were studied by a static chamber method. NO was measured with a dynamic chamber method using a NO analyser in situ. Mean emissions from the control plots were 47.6±4.5 μg N₂ON m⁻² h⁻¹ and 12.6±1.6 μg NON m⁻² h⁻¹. N₂O and NO emissions from urine plots (132±21.2 μg N₂ON m⁻² h⁻¹ and 51.9±7.6 μg NON m⁻² h⁻¹) were higher than those from dung plots (110.0±20.1 μg N₂ON m⁻² h⁻¹ and 14.7±2.1 μg NON m⁻² h⁻¹). There was a large temporal variation in N₂O and NO emissions. Maximum N₂O emissions were measured a few weeks after dung or urine application, whereas the maximum NO emissions were detected the following year. NO was responsible on average 14% (autumn) and 34% (summer) of total (NO+N₂O)N emissions from the pasture soil. NO emissions increased with increasing soil temperature and with decreasing soil moisture. N₂O emissions increased with increasing soil moisture, but did not correlate with soil temperature. Therefore we propose that N₂O and NO were produced mainly during different microbial processes, i.e., nitrification and denitrification, respectively. The results show that the overall conditions and mechanism especially for emissions of NO are still poorly understood but that there are differences in the mechanisms regulating N₂O and NO production.     

华北平原几种主要类型土壤的硝化及反硝化活性

取用华北平原5种主要土壤进行实验室培养试验,研究不同类型土壤间硝化反硝化活性的差异。结果表明,培养28h后砂姜黑土、潮土、褐土、盐渍土和风沙土的硝化率分别为7.9%、20.8%、46.4%、22.5%和20.3%;148h后砂姜黑土的硝化率为18.7%,其它4种土壤达98.4%—100%,基本硝化完全;培养268h释放的N2O总量分别为0.04、0.27、0.24、0.41和0.45μgN·g-1土。培养650h的反硝化损失量分别为0.6、0.3、0.08、0.02和0.05μgN·g-1土。可见,不同的土壤中砂姜黑土的硝化作用活性较弱,而反硝化活性较强;潮土、褐土、盐渍土和风沙土的硝化作用活性较强,而反硝化活性相对较弱。土壤的硝化及反硝化作用与土壤质地和pH有关,与硝化和反硝化菌数量无明显相关性。     

外源NO对Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下番茄幼苗PSII功能及光能分配利用的影响

为探讨外源NO缓解番茄幼苗次生盐渍伤害的光合生理机制,以秦丰保冠番茄幼苗为试材,在水培条件下,利用叶绿素荧光动力学技术研究喷施NO供体硝普钠(SNP)对80 mmol·L-1Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下番茄幼苗PSII光化学效率、激发能分配和天线色素吸收光能利用的影响。结果表明,喷施SNP有效缓解了Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫对PSII的损伤,使第15天番茄幼苗叶片的PSII最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、天线转化效率(F_v'/F_m')、实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)、光化学荧光猝灭系数(q P)及吸收光能用于进行光化学反应(P)和非光化学耗散(Ex)的份额分别较胁迫处理显著提高了4.93%、39.31%、92.84%、39.00%、92.83%和10.33%;初始荧光(Fo)、非光化学荧光猝灭系数(NPQ)、双光系统间激发能分配不平衡偏离系数(β/α-1)和天线热耗散的份额(D)分别较胁迫处理显著降低了7.20%、13.22%、43.09%和24.70%。综上,外源NO能通过改善PSII光化学活性和增强PSII反应中心的非光化学耗散减轻Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫造成的光抑制,进而提高番茄幼苗的耐盐能力。本研究结果为利用外源NO缓解蔬菜设施生产的次生盐渍障碍提供了理论和技术依据。