Simulating management effects on crop production, tile drainage, and water quality using RZWQM-DSSAT

The objective of this study was to explore if more crop-specific plant growth modules can improve simulations of crop yields, and N in tile flow under different management practices compared with a generic plant growth module. We calibrated and evaluated the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) with the Decision Support for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT v3.5) plant growth modules (RZWQM-DSSAT) for simulating tillage (NT — no till, RT — ridge till, CP — chisel plow, and MP — moldboard plow), crop rotation {CC — continuous corn, and CS — corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]}, and nitrogen (N) (SA — single application at preplant, and LSNT — late spring soil N test based application) and manure (SM — fall injected swine manure) management effects on crop production and water quality. Data from 1978 to 2003 from a water quality experiment near Nashua (Nashua experiments), Iowa, USA, were used. The model was calibrated using data from one treatment plot and validated for the rest of the plots. Simulated management effects on annual N loading in tile flow were agreeable with measured effects in 85%, 99%, 88%, and 78% of the cases for tillage, crop rotation (CS vs. CC), N application timing (SA vs. LSNT), and swine manure applications (SM vs. SA), respectively. On average, the LSNT plots were simulated to have 359 kg ha^− 1 higher corn yield compared to SA, when the observed increase was 812 kg ha^− 1. Grain yield simulations were not sensitive to differences between RT and NT, between SM and SA treatments, and between CS and CC. We conclude that considering the uncertainties of basic input data, processes in the field, and lack of site specific weather data, the results obtained with this RZWQM-DSSAT hybrid model were not much better than the results obtained earlier with the generic crop growth module.     

Short-term gully retreat rates over rolling hill areas in black soil of Northeast China

Soil loss has become one severe problem in black soil areas of Northeast China after several decades of cultivation. Gully erosion is one of its main components. In this study, short-term gully retreat was monitored from 5 active gullies selected in representative black soil area during April 2002 to June 2004, using differential global positioning system (GPS). With the support of geographic information system (GIS), multitemporal digital elevation models (DEM) were constructed from the data collected by GPS and then used for further analysis. This presents a new method to compute the retreat rate of gully heads and the rate of soil losses caused by gully erosion. The results indicate that the average volumetric retreat rate was 729.1 m³ year^− 1, corresponding with an average linear retreat rate of 6.2 m year^− 1 in gully head and planimetric changes of 323.6 m² year^− 1 during the two monitored years, but more erosion took place during the second and third monitored period compared to the first. The erosion by freeze thawing and snowmelt accounts for a large percent. And this will be emphasized when rainfall is added in spring. If only considering the third monitored period, the conservatively estimated retreat rate by freeze thawing and snowmelt (i.e. before rainy season) may even reach 8.6 m year^− 1 in gully head, with a volumetric rate of 120.9 m³ year^− 1 and planimetric changes of 173.6 m² year^− 1. These results reveal that gully erosion is a great threat in the study area and conservation measures are urgently needed. Based on the analysis of multi-temporal DEM, one conceptual model for gully developing in black soil of Northeast China is proposed, which is supported by the data.     

基于WebGIS的橡胶气象灾害信息管理系统研建

本研究以WebGIS技术为基础,结合JAVA Applet等技术,研发了基于WebGIS的橡胶气象灾害信息管理系统,为简化海南橡胶气象灾害信息的管理,有效进行橡胶气象灾害监测、预报以及灾后评估提供一个切实有效的途径。     

基于拟脑智能系统的烤烟烟叶分级研究

对烟叶进行检测与分级是控制烟叶质量的重要手段之一.研究烟叶质量的合理表征参数及其自动提取方法,以及烟叶辅助分级系统,是迫切需要解决的问题.应用人工智能方法和计算机技术进行烤烟烟叶自动分级,提出一种借鉴生物脑信息处理结构的烤烟烟叶智能分级系统.该系统由思维模型、感觉模型和行为模型3个子系统构成,分别模拟分级专家的思维智能、感知智能和行为智能,具有学习与记忆、判断与模糊推理、分级决策等多种思维功能,以及图像自动采集、上下位机通信等协调与控制功能.应用该系统进行烟叶分级试验的结果与分级专家分级结果的平均一致率可达到85%,与人工分级水平相当.     

干旱状况下小区域灌溉冬小麦农田生态系统水热传输

该文采用涡度相关技术测定小区域灌溉冬小麦农田实际蒸散量和农田能量平衡各分量,分析表征农田地表获取能量再分配经典参数Priestly-Taylor系数（α=LE/LEeq）的变化特征。结果表明,在华北地区冬小麦返青至成熟期内,日变化过程中白天时间段内, Priestley-Taylor系数呈“U”型变化趋势,7︰00～18︰00 时刻内,α平均值为（1.324±0.334）,正午前后保持在1.05～1.17之间。 在冬小麦生育期季节变化过程中,Priestley-Taylor系数（α）平均值为（1.473±0.454）,远高于在湿润下垫面时（α＝1.26）的数值,在抽穗开花期内土壤水分充足时α最大值为2.317,拔节时期土壤水分胁迫时α值为0.410。干旱少雨状况下,进行小面积充分灌溉时,由于存在农田热平流现象将导致过多的蒸发蒸腾水分耗散,降低农田灌溉水的利用效率。     

蔬菜安全生产管理及质量追溯系统设计与实现

可追溯体系作为控制农产品质量安全的有效方法日益受到世界各国重视.以蔬菜初级产品为研究对象,从信息技术的角度构建了一个以实现质量追溯为目的的蔬菜安全生产管理及质量追溯系统,设计了系统主要功能实现的流程,探讨了关键技术,综合采用数据库技术、网络技术、产品编码技术和生产预警技术,以.net为平台,开发了安全生产管理及质量追溯系统;系统实现了生产企业端的产前管理、产中管理、产后管理、.生产预警、统计分析、条码打印、短信发送和消费者端的质量追溯、质量反馈、健康指导等功能.该系统在北京市多家企业应用,运行结果表明:使用该系统提高了企业生产管理水平,增强了消费者的农产品安全意识.从信息技术的角度,提出了一套从蔬菜初级产品生产直接到消费的管理和追溯模式,为实现全程追溯打下了基础.     

变频调速装置在给水系统中的应用分析

分析讨论了工业企业给水系统的特点和当前常用的给水系统调节方式和优缺点及变频调速装置的节能原理,指出变频调速装置应用于给水系统是最为节能的运行方式.     

基于CORBA的分布式管理系统的研究与实现

概述了CORBA规范及omniORB、分布式管理系统,对于在CORBA框架下如何进行Java和C 的混合编程来实现分布式管理系统给予了详尽的描述.     

我国开征遗产税的若干问题探讨

世界上有100多个国家和地区开征了遗产税和赠与税,目前我国尚未开征。介绍了遗产税的起源和发展史,阐述了我国当前开征遗产税的意义及遗产税征收的主要模式。通过分析目前我国开征遗产税存在的现实问题,探讨了我国遗产税制建设的措施。     

发展经济学案例教学实施中的主要问题及对策

案例教学在发展经济学课程教学中占有重要地位,它具有传统教学法不可比拟的优势。但该教学方法在许多高校仍处于探索阶段,在案例选择、教师素质、学生能力、基础设施、教学体制等方面存在一些问题。通过对这些问题的分析,提出以培养学生解决实际问题的创新能力为指导思想,选择具有知识性、趣味性、实践性、时效性和本土性的案例,探索多种途径提高教师师资水平,引导学生课前准备和课堂积极参与,建立鼓励案例教学的有效激励机制等对策,以更好地提高发展经济学案例教学效果。