短周期桉树无性系苗木低温胁迫试验

本试验共测定了54个短周期桉树无性系在人工气候培养室中的低温胁迫伤害指数和死亡率。结果表明,不同低温处理对无性系伤害差异极其显著;苗木不同培育年份对低温伤害指数的影响明显,但对苗木死亡率的作用不大。苗木在低温胁迫处理后1~3 d内观察评分结果具有相当的稳定性和准确性。由于受测试的不同树种和无性系苗木的低温伤害或致死低温范围窄,而直接影响林分的野外环境温度变化较大,因此外界环境的极低温限制应是制约桉树往偏寒地区扩大种植规模的主要因素。在一定的低温范围内,低温胁迫伤害指数在无性系间存在一定水平的遗传变异,通过选择育种可以适度提高无性系抗低温胁迫能力,而结合耐寒桉树树种选育和改进环境与养分条件应可以获得更好的抗性效益。苗木或林木的生长状态对受低温伤害程度有一定的影响。     

Adaptation of herbaceous plant species in the understorey of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus brutia</Emphasis>

Most of Pinus brutia (Ten.) Holmboe forests are grazed, as silvopastoralism is well adapted in the Mediterranean environment. However, little attention has been paid to the demographic dynamic of the understorey vegetation even though it is strongly affected by the absorbed radiation. The purpose of this study was to examine the adaptation of herbaceous plant species under a Pinus brutia canopy, in Northern Greece. Monocultures of four plant groups (annual and perennial grasses, annual and perennial legumes) were sown in experimental areas of 50%, 70% and 100% light intensity. The density of annual and perennial grasses and perennial legumes were decreased by the shade cast by the Pinus brutia canopy. Population density of the annual legumes was little affected by light intensity: the annual grasses Bromus mollis L. and Lolium rigidum Gaudin; the perennial grasses Dactylis glomerata L. var. palestine, Festuca arundinacea and Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn; the perennial legume Medicago sativa L. var. romana; the annual legumes Medicago lupulina L. and all the tested varieties of Trifolium subterraneum adapted well to the 50% light intensity habitat.     

Aboveground biomass increment and stand dynamics in tropical evergreen broadleaved forest

Forest ecosystems can modify the atmospheric CO₂ through biomass accumulation mostly in tree stems with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm. Aboveground biomass increment (ΔAGB), and changes in stand AGB, no. stems and basal area (BA) were calculated from mortality, recruitment, and growth data of tree stems in tropical evergreen broadleaved forest, Central Highland Vietnam. Data were derived from ten 1-ha permanent plots established in 2004, where all stems with DBH ≥ 10 cm were tagged, identified to species, and measured for DBH in 2004 and 2012. In an 8-year duration, the increment was 53 ± 10 stems ha^–1, 7.8 ± 0.3 m² ha^–1 for BA and 86.0 ± 4.6 Mg ha^–1 for AGB. The stem mortality rate was 0.9% year^–1 and the stem recruitment rate was 2.2% year^–1. Annual ΔAGB was 10.8 Mg ha^–1 year^–1, equaling to 5.4 Mg C ha^–1 year^–1. Of which, tree stems of 35–80 cm DBH classes accounted for 65%. The results indicated that the forest is in stage of carbon sequestration. Any disturbances causing death of 35–80 cm DBH tree stems will much reduce carbon sequestration capacity and it will take a long time for AGB to return to pre-disturbance stage.     

Growth,survival, carbon rates for some dry tropical forest trees used in enrichment planting in the Cerro Blanco protected forest on the Ecuadorian coast

Deforestation principally to establish cattle pastures has created large expanses of land dominated by exotic grass prior to the establishment of the Cerro Blanco Protected Forest in Ecuador. A dry forest restoration program was carried out from 2008 to 2017. Tree planting sites were cleared in parallel lines through abandoned pasture and secondary vegetation using manual labor. Native tree species were produced in a nursery on site and used in yearly plantings during the rainy season. A total of 637 hectares were planted at an average stocking density of 1,000 trees per hectare. Growth data was collected from trees planted in nine sites from 2008 to 2017. Mortality rates were determined from a sample of 400 trees of twenty-two species. Survival of all species was greater than 50%. Ten species had survival rates greater than 90%. Vitex gigantea, with high survival rates, also had significantly greater growth rates than the other species (p < 0.0001) and showed the greatest yearly accumulation of total carbon (2.07 Kg C yr ^?1 stem^?1). Other species with high growth rates were Cordia alliodora and Centrolobium ochroxylum. This restoration program demonstrates that the dry forest restoration with timely maintenance and protection from fire and grazing is possible with intensive tree planting of native species.     

一起卵形鲳鲹幼鱼死亡原因的调查

对发生于阳江市某网箱养殖场的卵形鲳鲹幼鱼大规模死亡进行了初步调查,发现病鱼症状为体色发黑、螺旋状或旋转游动、反应迟钝、厌食、无寄生虫及细菌感染,通过电镜负染发现有大小为30 nm的病毒粒子,初步断定为神经坏死病毒感染。     

气象条件对日本松干蚧越冬死亡率的影响

日本松干蚧是危害松树的重要害虫,越冬期气象条件是影响种群变动的重要因子。利用判别法,选取对日本松干蚧越冬死亡率影响较大的气象因子,并分析这些因子对越冬死亡率的影响。结果表明,11月各旬平均最低气温、12月下旬平均最低气温、3月上旬平均最低气温越低,日本松干蚧越冬死亡率越高;4月上旬降水量越大,其死亡率越高。选择资料时间序列较长且与日本松干蚧越冬死亡率相关密切的气象因子,建立了日本松干蚧越冬死亡率预测模型,经检验,模型准确率72%左右,对于监测及防控日本松干蚧具有一定应用价值。     

Reedbeds as refuges for water voles (Arvicola terrestris) from predation by introduced mink (Mustela vison)

The water vole has recently undergone a catastrophic decline in the UK. This has resulted from loss and fragmentation of suitable habitat leaving water vole populations highly vulnerable to the impact of predation by introduced American mink. However, at some reedbed sites water voles and mink have apparently coexisted for many years. To determine if reedbeds offer a refuge from predation, 70 voles were radio-tagged at three sites in England and overwinter mortality monitored. Water vole perception of predation risk was also assessed. Mortality was high (64%), predation by mustelids, including mink, being the chief cause. Experiments suggested that voles failed to perceive areas of highest predation risk. However, predation rate declined strongly with the distance water voles lived from a main water channel. Thus, reedbeds provide a refuge from predation, even by mink, and calculations suggest that they may support source populations enhancing the viability of water vole metapopulations. Consequently reedbeds are now being used as one focus for the conservation of water voles in England and Wales.     

Growth and acquisition of Na,K and Ca in some elite sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (Lam.) L.] genotypes under salinity stress

Soil salinity is a concern in the wake of climate change challenges due to rising sea levels and coastal salinity in Papua New Guinea. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in Split Plot design, with five elite sweet potato genotypes (main-plot factors) and three levels of sodium chlroide (NaCl) concentrations (sub-plot factors) replicated six times. The vine cuttings of genotype RAB 45 showed very low mortality percentage (33%) at 600 mM NaCl concentration. At salinity level of 200 mM NaCl, aerial dry biomass of the genotypes was inversely but significantly (r = –0.40; p < 0.05) related to the accumulation of sodium (Na⁺) in the tissues. The Na⁺ accumulation in the tissues was antagonistic to the potassium (K⁺) and calcium (Ca²⁺) ions. Among the sweetpotato genotypes, Na⁺/K⁺ ratio decreased in the following order: RAB 45> KAV 11 > Northern Star > DOY 2 > L 46, which was more or less corroborated with the trend in the aerial dry matter.     

M-DEC: A spreadsheet program for producing multiple decrement life tables and estimating mortality dynamics for insects

In the single decrement life table, an individual exits the table in only one way: through death undifferentiated by cause. In the multiple decrement life table (MDLT), an individual can exit the table through differentiated causes of death. Because of its structure, numerous calculations of demographic importance can be produced from the data in the MDLT, including estimates of the probability of death in the presence or absence of a combination of causes. Producing these life tables using manual calculations can be tedious and time consuming. Therefore, we present here a spreadsheet program, M-DEC, which automatically calculates many of the demographic variables in the MDLT for use with insects.     

华南地区主要害虫防治新技术应用研究

通过不同食物引诱剂与害虫诱捕器结合对不同虫种储粮害虫进行诱捕,试验表明水平距离5m、粮食深度2m左右诱捕检测害虫效果明显,对主要储粮害虫有良好的诱捕效果;摆放位置对于诱捕器的诱捕效果影响大;采用控氧储存技术进行生态储粮,经分析,米象、米象抗性品系、谷蠹、谷蠹抗性品系及赤拟谷盗对除氧剂毒力LD99.9分别为8.60g/kg、11.01g/kg、9.14g/kg、8.16g/kg、4.18g/kg,其中赤拟谷盗最敏感,米象抗性品系需要脱氧剂最多;试验粮堆投放除氧剂量为0.50g/kg、1.0g/kg、1.5g/kg、2.0g/kg、2.5g/kg、3.0g/kg,脱氧剂在用量为2.5g/kg、3.0g/kg对谷蠹、谷蠹抗性品系、米象、米象抗性品系、赤拟谷盗及用量1.5g/kg、2.0g/kg对赤拟谷盗杀灭效果在90%以上;脱氧剂在用量为2.0g/kg时对谷蠹抗性品系、米象、米象抗性品系杀灭效果在85%以上;经实仓应用除氧剂用量为2.5g/kg、3.3g/kg、2.5g/kg并抽真空、3.3g/kg并抽真空能保证稻谷储存1年基本无活虫,可保证稻谷储存安全;经应用除氧宝0.5g/kg、1.0g/kg、1.5g/kg、2.0g/kg、2.5g/kg、3.0g/kg、3.3g/kg对稻谷发芽无显著影响。