3个品种紫斑牡丹胚培养及幼苗生长的探究

为了探讨出适用于不同栽培环境的紫斑牡丹快繁体系,满足紫斑牡丹日益增长的市场化与商业化需求。本研究以3种不同栽培环境下的紫斑牡丹(Paeonia rockii)-‘雪莲’、‘蓝荷’和‘粉荷’的种子为试验材料,以正交试验的极差分析和方差分析研究在不同浓度激素配比下3个品种紫斑牡丹离体种胚萌发及生根状况,筛选出最佳激素配比的培养基。结果表明:(1)在胚培养的启动阶段,6-BA的最适浓度为0.5 mg/L,水解乳蛋白(LH)比水解酪蛋白(CH)更适合于离体胚的萌发,得出最适3种不同栽培环境紫斑牡丹启动培养的最佳激素配比组合的培养基为B5+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 g/L LH;(2)在无菌苗生根阶段,影响紫斑牡丹生根的各因素主次顺序为:AC>6-BA>IBA>IAA,各因素的优水平为:AC为0.5 g/L,6-BA为0.5 mg/L,IBA为2.0 mg/L,IAA为2.0 mg/L,适合于紫斑牡丹3个品种无菌苗生根的最佳外源激素浓度配比的培养基是1/2 MS+0.5 mg/L6-BA+2.0 mg/L IAA+2.0 mg/L IBA+0.5 g/L AC;(3)紫斑牡丹3个品种之间离体胚的萌发及生根均差异性不显著(p>0.05),但总体来看的表现情况为雪莲>蓝荷>粉荷,这可能与栽培环境有关。     

外源添加物质对Cu的植物毒害调节机理研究进展

铜过量会导致植物生长、酶系统平衡、细胞亚显微结构、蛋白质合成、核酸代谢等受到不同程度影响,最终,影响人类健康、生态系统平衡。研究表明外源添加物质能够调节铜过量对植物的毒害作用,本文主要归纳分析了外源添加硅（Si）、油菜素内酯(BR)、一氧化氮（NO）,以及其他物质对Cu的植物毒害机理调节机制。但目前在离子载体、蛋白质组、基因组等调节机理方面,以及外源添加物质对植物的适用性、外界条件的影响等方面的研究较为缺乏,未来研究可从这些方向进行深入,完善Cu对植物毒害的系统研究。     

Calcium silicate slag reduces drought stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Silicon has been reported to reduce drought stress on many crops, but limited studies have evaluated this effect with rice using calcium silicate slag from the phosphorus fertilizer industry as a source of Si. A greenhouse study was performed to address this issue. Four slag rates (0, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 mg/kg) and two application methods (surface application and incorporation) were evaluated under two moisture regimes (flood and 50% field capacity) for drought stress mitigation in a mineral soil that is typical for rice production. Slag application significantly elevated plant‐available Si in the soil and Si accumulation in plant tissues, and tended to improve rice shoot and root biomass relative to the untreated control under both flooding and drought stress. Increased carbon isotope discrimination (△¹³C) and decreased proline in rice leaves subjected to drought stress indicate that this slag may reduce drought stress in rice, which was supported by restoration of foliage density, transpiration, photosynthesis rate and sugar accumulation to at or near flooded levels following the highest slag application. This study supports the usage of calcium silicate slag in rice production as it could improve Si availability and reduce drought stress.     

不同外源激素对糜子成穗及产量的影响

研究不同种类外源激素对糜子成穗及产量的影响。用5种外源激素在糜子3~4叶期喷施,连续处理2次,喷清水为对照。记录糜子苗期基本苗数、拔节期总茎数、成熟期穗数等性状,用统计软件SPSS 17.0进行统计分析。结果表明,施用脱落酸（ABA）能够显著降低糜子的分蘖数,施用赤霉素（GA₃）、吲哚乙酸（IAA）、矮壮素（CCC）也能减少糜子分蘖数,但是与对照差异不显著,施用多效唑（PP₃₃₃）对糜子分蘖数没有明显影响;施用GA₃、IAA、CCC能够增加分蘖穗数,而ABA、PP₃₃₃降低分蘖穗数;各处理分蘖成穗率都较对照高,ABA处理分蘖成穗率为最高达到25.20%;ABA处理主茎穗占比较对照增加,分蘖穗占比降低;GA₃、IAA、CCC处理主茎穗占比相对于对照降低,分蘖穗占比增加,PP₃₃₃处理与对照相近;5种外源激素对糜子产量的影响差异显著,施用ABA产量最高,可能与主茎穗占比高和分蘖成穗率高有关系。在糜子3~4叶期喷施5种外源激素,对糜子有显著作用的是ABA,主要表现在ABA能够降低糜子分蘖数,保证了主茎的成穗数量,增加了分蘖成穗率,从而提高了糜子产量。     

水稻土施用钢渣硅钙肥对土壤硅素形态和水稻生长的影响

钢渣是钢铁厂的副产品,富含硅、钙等养分,是优良的硅钙肥原料。但钢渣为强碱性物质,在稻田施用后对土壤p H值及硅素形态的影响需要阐明。2013年3―12月,通过早稻~晚稻连续2季钢渣硅钙肥温室盆栽试验,研究了钢渣施用对土壤p H值、土壤硅素形态以及水稻生长和植物硅素吸收的影响。结果表明,随着钢渣硅钙肥施用量的增加土壤p H值、土壤水溶性硅量、土壤有效硅量以及植株秸秆硅量均呈增加趋势,当土中施用钢渣有效Si O2用量高于1 600 mg/kg时(Si4和Si5处理),上述指标均显著高于CK。土壤无定形硅量随钢渣施用量的增加则表现出降低趋势,无定形硅量与有效硅量呈显著负相关关系。施入钢渣硅钙肥促进了水稻的生长发育,在2季水稻中,Si4和Si5处理秸秆+叶片干物质量较CK提高了11.9%~17.0%,籽粒干物质量较CK提高了9.52%~20.6%。     

有机硅集水措施对作物生长影响试验研究

采用有机硅喷涂、拍光压实及自然坡面3种集流措施收集雨水,研究在不同集流措施下种植带内水分动态变化,以及对作物生长发育的影响。结果表明,有机硅喷涂措施在作物生长季节能大大提高种植带内的土壤含水量和集水量。     

硅肥对水稻产量、品质及抗倒伏特性的影响

研究不同硅肥对宁化河龙贡米产量、品质和抗倒伏性状的影响,以期为宁化河龙贡米的可持续稳定发展提供技术支撑.以'玉针香'为试验材料,设置3个不同硅肥处理[森夫硅肥(S1)、蔡德龙ETDA硅肥(S2)、不施硅肥(S0,对照)],调查不同硅肥处理对'玉针香'产量形成、品质及茎秆形态和力学特征相关性状的影响.结果表明,施用S1处...     

硅钾镁肥配比对水稻产量的影响

在氮、磷固定的条件下,采用农业部推广的硅钾镁“3414”肥料设计进行多点试验,完善平衡配套施肥方案,建立不同品种的硅、钾、镁施用纯量与产量的效应函数模型,以期为寒地增产保优合理施肥提供科学依据。结果表明：不同品种的硅、钾、镁施用纯量与产量的效应函数模型不同;缺硅、缺钾、缺镁对水稻产量及产量构成因素的影响不同,同一地点不同品种对缺素表现出了相同的规律,钾对产量影响最大,其次是缺硅,影响最小的是镁;‘空育131’、‘垦粳1号’的处理6（Si2K2Mg2）、处理9（Si2K2Mg1）处理10（Si2K2Mg3）、处理13（Si1K2Mg1）产量都较高。‘空育131’处理13（Si1K2Mg1）产量最高为9173.10 kg/hm2;‘垦粳1号’处理9（Si2K2Mg1）产量最高为9162.45 kg/hm2。因此,要做到良种良法配套必须测土并针对品种进行施肥,才能达到高产优质的目的。     

NaCl胁迫下外源壳聚糖对菜用大豆光合作用及叶绿体活性氧代谢的影响

采用蛭石栽培,以菜用大豆为试材,研究外源壳聚糖对NaCl胁迫下幼苗叶片光合作用及叶绿体活性氧(ROS)代谢的影响,以期探明NaCl胁迫下壳聚糖调控菜用大豆光合作用的生理机制。结果显示:NaCl胁迫下,外源壳聚糖通过诱导非气孔因素显著缓解了菜用大豆在胁迫中期(第6~12天)净光合速率(Pn)的下降;外源壳聚糖显著抑制了叶绿体O-·2的产生速率及H2O2含量的上升,显著提高了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)在胁迫中期(第6~12天)的活性。无盐条件下,外源壳聚糖在处理早期对上述各指标产生了显著影响,中、后期该作用消失。上述结果表明:外源壳聚糖在NaCl胁迫下对菜用大豆的作用与无盐条件下不同;NaCl胁迫下,壳聚糖可诱导菜用大豆叶绿体保护酶活性及As A-GSH循环的运转速率,及时清除过量ROS,以抑制盐胁迫对光合膜的伤害,这可能是壳聚糖缓解Pn下降,进而缓解菜用大豆干质量下降的重要原因之一;外源壳聚糖的作用具有时效性。     

Validating a segment on the short arm of chromosome 6 responsible for genetic variation in the hull silicon content and yield traits of rice

Rice is a typical silicon-accumulating plant and the beneficial effect of silicon on rice has long been recognized. In a previous study using 244 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of an indica rice cross, Zhenshan 97B/Milyang 46 grown in 2003, four QTLs were detected for hull silicon content. QTL qHUS-6 had the largest effect among these, and the same interval also had significant effects on yield traits in the same population. The primary objective of this study was to validate the QTL effect in this region on HUS and yield traits. The same RIL population and another RIL population of lower heterogeneity were grown in 2004. QTL qHUS-6 was found to have significant additive effects on hull silicon content with a consistent direction in the two populations. From a residual heterozygous line selected from RILs of the same cross, 15 F_2:3 lines that differed only in a 2.15-Mb segment extending from RM587 to RM6119 on the short arm of chromosome 6 were derived. In these lines, qHUS-6 displayed a major effect, so did QTLs for yield traits previously detected in the same region. Two more QTLs for HUS detected in 2003, qHUS-1-1 and qHUS-1-2, also had consistent effects in the Zhenshan 97B/Milyang 46 RIL population in 2004. Thus this study verified three candidate regions for fine mapping HUS QTLs and determining the genetic relationship between silicon content and yield traits in rice.