植物顶端有限生长相关基因与基因编辑育种研究进展

随着劳动力成本的增加,农作物的采收将逐步从人工采收过渡到机械采收,因此培育紧凑、矮化、果实成熟集中、耐密植、适宜机械化操作的新品种已成为作物遗传改良的主要目标。本文重点综述了不同物种FT及其同源基因对植物成花的调控功能,植株顶端的无限生长和有限生长的控制基因及其功能研究进展,以及通过基因编辑促进顶端成花进而导致植株顶端由无限营养生长转变为有限生殖生长,进一步介绍了通过多基因同时编辑的方法推动植物株型改变并培育新品种的成功案例。植株顶端成花和有限生长的特性可以促进果实的统一成熟,为适宜机械化采收的株型育种提供理论支持和实践指导。     

液化乙烷船液罐装载极限的提高方法

为了优化液化乙烷船远洋运输能力,根据液化气船液罐装载极限的基本要求和液化乙烷的货品属性,从提高基准温度下货物的对应密度和充装极限两个方面研究了提高液化乙烷船液罐装载极限的方法。将理论计算与液化乙烷船实际数据相结合,分析了BOG的不同回收利用方式对控制乙烷密度的影响;为了使主罐体充装极限达到99.5%,在液罐顶部设置气室,并将液罐压力释放阀安装于气室顶部;同时,对液位测量、温度测量、再液化设备启动压力设定、应急切断响应周期、液罐尺寸等修正裕量系数开展了研究,得出了在满足约束条件下提高装载极限的方法。结果表明:该方法可使得液化乙烷在基准温度下的对应密度、充装极限分别提高6.67%～8.89%、1.5%,可在其他液化乙烷船储运中推广应用。     

西藏北部不同草地类型土壤碳、氮、磷的变化特征

[目的]探讨西藏北部不同草地类型间土壤碳氮磷含量的分布规律和各养分间相互关系,为草地生态保护和评价提供理论依据。[方法]通过S形土壤取样法对西藏北部不同草地类型的土壤样品进行采集,利用试验测定土壤的碳氮磷含量,基于SPSS进行方差分析和相关性分析。[结果]山脊高寒草甸、高寒灌丛草甸和山腰高寒草甸有机碳含量主要受海拔高度的影响,有机碳含量随着海拔高度的增加而增加,随土层深度加大而降低;有机碳与全氮有极显著正相关关系,相关系数为0.968(p0.01),不同草地类型间全氮含量趋势与有机质趋势相同;除高寒沼泽草甸,其他草地类型的有效氮与全氮分布规律相同,有效氮含量和全氮含量之间存在显著正相关关系,相关系数为0.439(p0.05)。速效磷受全磷含量影响显著,速效磷与全磷的相关系数为0.442,为极显著正相关关系;全磷含量受放牧影响,但放牧对速效养分的影响更加明显。[结论]西藏北部不同草地类型土壤碳、氮、磷的具有一定的变化规律,草地退化与放牧强度具有一定联系。     

自走式轻型竹材采伐机的设计与分析

为提高竹材采伐效率,提出了一种自走式轻型竹材采伐机的设计方案,利用Solidworks软件对采伐机进行实体建模,确定了采伐机的整机结构,对其切削原理和切削功率的大小进行分析和计算,得出采伐机的切削功率为2.33 kW,总功率为4.32 kW。同时对采伐机的行驶稳定性进行分析,确定采伐机纵向行驶的最大爬坡角为23°,横向行驶的最大坡度角为47°,整机的转弯半径为0.581m。     

大穗型水稻BL006和R-农白籽粒灌浆过程中源-流-库特性分析

以大穗型水稻品种BL006和R-农白为试验材料,中穗型品种黄华占为对照,在大田栽培条件下,比较不同穗型水稻品种的灌浆动态、群体干物质积累、茎鞘非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）含量、输导组织特征及产量性状,探讨大穗型水稻品种的灌浆结实特性及源-流-库特性。结果表明：（1）大穗型水稻品种BL006和R-农白灌浆起步早、前期灌浆速率快,最终粒重高,不同部位籽粒的灌浆动态基本一致,部位间互为同步灌浆。（2）与中穗型水稻品种相比,大穗型水稻品种BL006和R-农白的穗粒数和千粒重分别升高16.83%、33.75%和13.19%、10.07%,谷粒充实率无显著差异,每穴有效穗数及R-农白的受精率分别降低39.48%、31.24%和10.78%;大穗型水稻品种BL006（全生育期）和R-农白（齐穗期后）的群体干物质积累量升高36.06%和6.59%;灌浆期间茎鞘NSC含量升高99.03%和70.32%;穗颈维管束数量、面积和枝梗维管束的面积显著增加。总之,大穗型水稻品种BL006和R-农白的灌浆速率高、灌浆耗时短、粒重高,其中,BL006的受精率更高,籽粒灌浆更优。灌浆期间,两个大穗型水稻品种“源”足、“流”畅,通过适当减少有效穗数,实现了籽粒的优异灌浆充实,这为探明大穗型水稻品种的灌浆特性及调控机理奠定了基础。     

不同生态退化类型的水土保持生态修复对策

根据我国水土流失的特点以及水土保持生态修复工程的实施现状,结合对生态修复的理解,从理念、方法、原理、重点、关键、目标、适宜区域和实质等方面阐述生态修复的内涵。在综合分析生态退化和水土流失成因与驱动因子的基础上,归纳出造成水土流失的5种生态退化类型,揭示不同生态退化类型水土流失的原因,并提出不同生态退化类型的水土保持生态修复对策。     

Assessing the relationship between patch type and soil mites: A molecular approach

An urgent need exists for indicators of soil health and patch functionality in extensive rangelands that can be measured efficiently and at low cost. Soil mites are candidate indicators, but their identification and handling is so specialised and time-consuming that their inclusion in routine monitoring is unlikely. The aim of this study was to measure the relationship between patch type and mite assemblages using a conventional approach. An additional aim was to determine if a molecular approach traditionally used for soil microbes could be adapted for soil mites to overcome some of the bottlenecks associated with soil fauna diversity assessment. Soil mite species abundance and diversity were measured using conventional ecological methods in soil from patches with perennial grass and litter cover (PGL), and compared to soil from bare patches with annual grasses and/or litter cover (BAL). Soil mite assemblages were also assessed using a molecular method called terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. The conventional data showed a relationship between patch type and mite assemblage. The Prostigmata and Oribatida were well represented in the PGL sites, particularly the Aphelacaridae (Oribatida). For T-RFLP analysis, the mite community was represented by a series of DNA fragment lengths that reflected mite sequence diversity. The T-RFLP data showed a distinct difference in the mite assemblage between the patch types. Where possible, T-RFLP peaks were matched to mite families using a reference 18S rDNA database, and the Aphelacaridae prevalent in the conventional samples at PGL sites were identified, as were prostigmatids and oribatids. We identified limits to the T-RFLP approach and this included an inability to distinguish some species whose DNA sequences were similar. Despite these limitations, the data still showed a clear difference between sites, and the molecular taxonomic inferences also compared well with the conventional ecological data. The results from this study indicated that the T-RFLP approach was effective in measuring mite assemblages in this system. The power of this technique lies in the fact that species diversity and abundance data can be obtained quickly because of the time taken to process hundreds of samples, from soil DNA extraction to data output on the gene analyser, can be as little as 4 days.     

两段式分速汇矩式液压机械传动设计

提出了一种由双行星排组成的新型两段式液压机械传动方案。基于某车型参数,分析了传动系统的速比特性、力矩特性,以及平稳换段条件和系统功率流状态。通过分析研究表明该系统具有较宽的调速范围和较高液压功率放大系数,并且具有方便回收制动能量的潜在优势,在民用车和农用领域均具有广阔的发展前途。     

火烧对不同林型下森林土壤水分物理性质的影响

通过对大兴安岭松岭林区白桦林、落叶松林以及白桦落叶松混交林的当年高强度火烧迹地与对照样地的土壤水分物理性质进行测定和比较研究。结果表明:在火烧迹地和对照样地无论是土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤持水量还是贮水能力,0~10 cm土层土壤都较10~20 cm土层土壤优越,火烧没有改变随深度变化的趋势,但相差明显增高。3种林型相比,在对照样地,白桦林土壤通气性优于落叶松林,而在火烧迹地,落叶松林优于白桦林。无论是在对照样地还是火烧迹地,落叶松林土壤的持水量平均值均大于白桦林,而白桦林土壤的平均贮水能力优于落叶松林。总体上看,在研究地区无论是土壤通气性、土壤持水量还是贮水能力,白桦林和落叶松林都较白桦落叶松混交林优越。火烧迹地与对照样地相比,火烧对3种林型的影响趋势相同,即土壤容重增加,土壤平均孔隙度以及土壤持水量减小。