Welfare and environmental benefits of integrating commercially viable free-range broiler chickens into newly planted woodland: A UK case study

The commercial, welfare and environmental impacts of rearing small colonies of free-range chickens in newly planted woodland at two sites in the UK, during the first 2 years of the enterprise, were investigated. Newly planted rather than established trees were used so that commercially viable species could be planted in a way that would suit the management of the chicken enterprise, and small colonies were used so that farmers wishing to diversify could buy into the system progressively. It was anticipated that marketing a high specification product would provide an immediate income, whilst waiting for the future investment in trees to grow.     

Environmental services and poverty reduction: Options for smallholders in the Sahel

Environmental service provision is increasingly discussed as a potential new venue for the simultaneous pursuit of development and natural resource conservation objectives, particularly among landowners in the low-income tropics. To date, most of the experience with such market-regulated mechanisms comes from water and forest projects in Latin America. Preliminary evidence suggests that participation of, and benefits to, small-scale land users are highly unequal and that the synergistic goals of poverty reduction and resource conservation through these emerging market mechanisms might be overly ambitious. This paper assesses the possibility of pro-poor environmental service provision through carbon sequestration among smallholders in the Sahel. It focuses on a case study in the small-scale, rain-fed agricultural systems of the Old Peanut Basin of Senegal. Based on a conceptual framework including economic, institutional, policy and livelihood factors, it assesses to the extent to which specific groups of farmers are able or willing to participate in and benefit from potential carbon offset programs. Finally, the paper stresses the need for adequate and equitable financial support and a careful rethinking of the institutional structures necessary to enhance rural livelihoods and natural resource management in drylands, with or without market-based environmental service programs.     

风景园林研究的跨界融合与量化革新——以香港大学城市环境与人类健康实验室为例

以香港大学城市环境与人类健康实验室这一新兴学术共同体作为研究切入点,使用文献综述与案例研究的方法深入探讨学术共同体在推动风景园林学科的发展和进步中扮演的关键角色。研究结果发现：该实验室在以往的风景园林学科内容、框架和知识体系基础上,运用新兴技术并结合定量的统计学方法,将城市环境与居民健康紧密相连,为快速城市化地区的环境和人类健康问题提供高效、精准、人文关怀且切实可行的解决方案,并极大地拓展了风景园林学科的研究领域;实验室的核心关注点在于城市感知：探究城市环境特征如何以及在何种程度上通过心理、生理等途径影响人类健康;在健康城市领域,这支先锋团队担任着理论研究、技术探索以及教育者的角色。     

软枣猕猴桃试管苗驯化移栽技术的研究

[目的]探索软枣猕猴桃试管苗移栽后的最宜生长条件,提高成活率,缩短成活时间。[方法]通过测试不同炼苗季节、预处理方法、栽培基质、温度、湿度、光照对试管苗成活、移栽效果影响,得出最佳移栽炼苗程序。[结果]将生长健壮,苗高5cm以上的组培苗移至室温光照2000-3000lx,10h/d的栽培条件下经4d炼苗后,清水洗苗,蘸生根粉移栽至沙土∶黄棕壤∶腐叶土∶园土(1∶1∶1∶1)的基质中盆栽、套袋后置于棚高50cm的小拱棚内,拉2层遮阴网（透光率40-50%,温度20-24℃,土壤含水量80-90%）培养出的幼苗,成活率高达92%,叶数7,整体生长整齐,是软枣猕猴桃最佳驯化移栽方式。[结论]实验所得方法可为大田生产提供基础,极大程度上提高移栽成活率,缩短成活时间。     

黄淮海与环渤海设施蔬菜产区重金属累积特征和环境质量评价

黄淮海与环渤海设施蔬菜产区是全国蔬菜发展的六大优势产区之一。通过收集2011～2019年黄淮海与环渤海设施菜田重金属研究的文献数据,对该区域重金属污染和环境质量进行了统计分析。结果表明,黄淮海与环渤海设施蔬菜产区土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Pb、Cd、As和Hg的平均含量均低于温室蔬菜产地环境质量评价标准限量值。与各个省市土壤背景值相比,土壤出现了明显的Cu、Zn、Cd和Hg累积,Cr和As均没有出现累积。8种重金属元素单项污染指数范围在0.30～0.80,排序依次为:CdPbHg=NiZnCuAsCr,仅Cd处于警戒等级,其余重金属元素均处于清洁等级。8种重金属综合污染指数平均值为0.75,表明该区域重金属污染处于警戒水平,需采取相应的污染防控措施。     

不同种植方式对大跨度外覆盖大棚番茄群体微环境及植株生长与产量和品质的影响

以番茄品种罗拉为试材,设置5个处理,分别为:CK,定植密度33 300株·hm~(-2),留6穗果;T1,49 500株·hm~(-2),留4穗果;T2,66 000株·hm~(-2),留3穗果;T3,49 500株·hm~(-2),单株留2穗果与留6穗果相间;T4,66 000株·hm~(~(-2)),单株留2穗果与留4穗果相间,研究不同种植密度和留果方式对外保温覆盖大棚内番茄植株生长、产量、品质、群体微环境的影响。结果表明:T2和T1处理生育期平均温度、温度适宜度较高;T1和T3处理摘心前的叶片SPAD值显著高于对照;T1、T2处理的前期产量和总产量均显著高于对照;VC、可滴定酸、可溶性糖、番茄红素等果实品质以T1处理最优。综合产量、品质以及大棚内的温湿度和光照适宜度,T1处理种植风险较小,是外保温覆盖大棚中较为合适的种植方式。     

Environmental sustainability in economic development: A comment

Although the linkages between economics and environment are absolute, they are not emphasized either by the economic or by the environmental professions. The economics of natural resources remains a minor unpopular theme in orthodox economics today. Similarly, the relationship of the economic subsystem to the overall ecosystem is only mentioned in most environmental science texts. Attention to the environmental dimensions of economic development burgeoned in the early 1970s and has yet to become systematic. There are encouraging signs that this is improving. The integration of economics and environmental studies has been the focus of several recent conferences and books, e.g. Brundtland, 1987; Conway, 1985; IIED, 1987; Jansson, 1984; Pearce, 1985 and at least two journals (Environmental Economics from 1976, and Ecology and Economics from 1987; excluding the vast literature mainly on pollution economics. This paper mentions four environmental aspects of economic development: the concept of sustainability, carrying capacity, ethics and irreversibility. It then focuses on one important irreversible—the loss of biodiversity—and outlines progress with the World Bank's policies in this regard.     

Assessing the efficacy and impact of management of an invasive species in a protected area: Poa annua on sub‐Antarctic Macquarie Island

Plant eradication is difficult, particularly in remote, protected areas. The Southern Ocean Islands are very isolated and highly protected, but the flora contains many alien plants. Small restricted populations have been eradicated, but eradication of established species has proven difficult. A better understanding of the efficacy of control methods at sub‐Antarctic temperatures and their off‐target impacts may increase eradication success. With interest in controlling non‐native Poa annua in the region, we aimed to determine if physical and chemical methods can control P. annua (the sub‐Antarctic biotype) in sub‐Antarctic conditions and examined their impact on native plants. We quantified the effectiveness of physical control methods on P. annua in situ on sub‐Antarctic Macquarie Island through field‐based experiments and assessed their selectivity on P. annua compared with native grasses. We also quantified the effectiveness of several herbicides on P. annua at sub‐Antarctic temperatures and assessed their selectivity on native grasses. Of the four physical disturbance methods tested, none effectively reduced P. annua cover as one‐off treatments. Of the herbicide treatments, glyphosate and trifloxysulfuron sodium were effective and were less damaging to native grass species, indicating potential selectivity. Physical control was of limited effectiveness, but did not affect native species richness. An integrated weed management programme utilising the strategic use of selective herbicides with follow‐up chemical and physical intervention may balance control and biodiversity outcomes. This research highlights the importance of site‐specific testing of control methods and understanding off‐target impacts of control when managing alien plant species in protected areas.     

武汉周边地区城镇化与生态环境保护研究

随着武汉周边地区城镇化、经济发展和人民生活水平的提高,农业生产工业化水平日渐提高,武汉周边地区农村生态环境也日益恶化.对加强农业生态环境保护措施进行了探讨.     

Geographical information system (GIS) environmental models for aquaculture development in Sinaloa State,Mexico

This paper describes the use of a geographical information system (GIS) to construct environmental models for land-based aquaculture development in the State of Sinaloa, Mexico. Based on the source data, submodels were created focusing on three different themes: general environmental issues, water resources and water quality. Models enabled multicriteria and multiobjective decision making concerning site selection and location. In assessing site considerations these general models identified wider resource management options and solved conflicts of land allocation and land use between aquaculture and agriculture. Smaller-scale, more specific models enabled more detailed studies on environmental issues.