Endophytische Pilze in Blättern und Zweigen von Quercus petraea

Endophytic fungi in leaves and twigs of Quercus petraea . Surface sterilized leaf and twig samples taken in 1989 from sessile oak (Quercus petraea) in Austria yielded host-specific as well as unspecific ubiquistic endophytes. In leaves, Aureobasidium apocryptum and Apiognomonia quercina were the most frequent taxa, while Colpoma quercinum was the dominant species in twigs. The colonization rates of individual species were subjected to seasonal variation.     

Morphological features and dietary functional components in fruit bodies of two strains of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pholiota adiposa</Emphasis> grown on artificial beds

 The morphological features and dietary functional components of two strains (FPF-13 and Oninome-B) of Pholiota adiposa (numerisugitake mushroom) grown on artificial bed blocks were examined. The components examined were chitin, mannitol, trehalose, guanosine 5′-monophosphate, ergosterol, and β-glucan. There was a significant difference in the external shape of the two strains. However, the differences in the contents of functional components between the two strains, as well as between the pilei and stipes of the strains, were small. In both strains the trehalose content was much higher than the mannitol content, in contrast to those of Lentinula edodes. From a commercial point of view, Oninome-B has a clear advantage over other strains of P. adiposa owing to its less removable scale. Received: May 15, 2002 / Accepted: June 10, 2002 Acknowledgment The authors thank Dr. F. Eguchi (Takasaki University of Health and Welfare) for his technical advice on the β-glucan analysis. Part of this report was presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 2001 Correspondence to:K. Shimizu     

Relationship between production of hydroxyl radicals and degradation of wood, crystalline cellulose, and a lignin-related compound or accumulation of oxalic acid in cultures of brown-rot fungi

The degradation of wood, filter paper cellulose, and a lignin-substructure model, was measured in cultures of seven fungi usually regarded as brown-rot fungi. Hydroxyl radical production and the accumulation of oxalic acid in the cultures were also measured. Four of the fungi, Gloeophyllum trabeum, Tyromyces palustris, Laetiporus sulphureus, and Postia placenta, were typical brown-rot fungi, in that they preferentially degraded and eliminated the polysaccharides in wood and produced large amounts of hydroxyl radical. The rates of hydroxyl radical generation in cultures of the four fungi were directly proportional to the degradation rates of wood, cellulose, and the lignin-related compound, and inversely proportional to the amount of oxalic acid in the cultures. Two of the fungi, Daedalea dickinsii and Lentinus lepideus, did not degrade any of the substrates significantly and produced very little hydroxyl radical. Coniophora puteana had the highest rate of cellulose degradation, but did not degrade wood or the lignin model significantly and produced only negligible amounts of hydroxyl radical. These results indicate that brown-rot fungi produce large amounts of hydroxyl radical for the degradation of wood and crystalline cellulose.     

陕西省杨树外生菌根种类的调查研究

对陕西省３５种杨树外生菌根的调查研究，鉴定出９种外生菌根真菌。研究证明，一种外生菌根真菌可侵染不同种杨树；一种杨树又可被不同的菌根真菌侵染，并观察到在同一小根上顶端形成菌套，中部和下部形成泡囊丛枝这一混合型菌根形态。     

Wood-inhabiting Fungi in Tieling,Liaoning Province

1INTRODUCTIONWood-inhabitingfungiofNortheasternChinawerestudiedduringlast10years,andaround300speciesofAphyllophoraleswerefound(DaiYucheng,1996,2000;Hjortstam,Ryvarden,1988).However,mostofthesespecieswererecordedinJilinandHeilongjiangProvince,andthewood-inhabitingfungiinLiaoningProvincearepoorlyknown,especiallyinnorthernLiaoningaround20specieswererecordedonly(LiuZhengnan,etal,1982;ZhangHesheng,1992;ZhaoJiding,ZhangXiaoqing,1992).BythesupportofChineseAcademyofSciencesandNationalNa…     

Truffle abundance and mycophagy by northern flying squirrels in eastern Washington forests

Although much is known about truffle abundance and rodent mycophagy in mesic Douglas-fir forests in the Pacific Northwest, few data are available for dry interior montane forests dominated by ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and grand fir (Abies grandis). Our objective was to quantify the relationship between the abundance and diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungal sporocarps in the soil and in the diets of northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) in low-elevation forests of the eastern Washington Cascades. We randomly sampled four stands each of three cover types: dry open ponderosa pine, mesic young mixed-conifer forest, and mesic mature mixed-conifer forest. We sampled the soil for hypogeous sporocarps during the spring of 1999 and 2000. We collected fecal pellets from 318 flying squirrels live-trapped during the fall of 1997–2000. We sampled 2400 m² of soil surface and found truffles in 40% of 600 plots. Total biomass collected was 609 g. Spring truffle biomass on a kg/ha basis averaged 1.72 in open pine, 3.56 in young, and 4.11 in mature forest. Twenty-two species were collected across all cover types, with all but three species belonging to the Basidiomycotina. Eleven dominant species accounted for 91–94% of truffle biomass in each cover type. Four dominant species accounted for 60–70% of spring truffle biomass: Gautieria monticola, Hysterangium coriaceum, Rhizopogon parksii, and R. vinicolor. Truffle assemblages, richness and total biomass differed among cover types: richness and biomass were highest in young and mature mixed-conifer forest, and lowest in open ponderosa pine forest. Fall squirrel diets were composed of 23 genera or groups of fungi, plus about 22% plant material. Rhizopogon was the most abundant genus in the diet, followed by plant material, then Gautieria, Leucogaster, Alpova, and Hysterangium. Diets in different cover types were similar in the composition, richness, evenness, and the ratio of fungus to plant material. Diet richness varied over the study period. Nineteen truffle genera were detected in fall fecal samples versus 12 in spring soil samples. Management of low-elevation dry forest to maintain or restore stable fire regimes might reduce truffle diversity at stand scales by simplifying stand composition and structure; but, such management might increase long-term beta and landscape truffle diversity and persistence by reducing the occurrence of high-intensity fires and stabilizing inherent fire disturbance regimes.     

丛枝菌根对大青杨苗木生长的影响

利用5种丛枝菌根真菌,在不同肥态、肥力水平下对大青杨实生苗进行接种。结果表明:5种真菌都与大青杨形成了菌根,在不施肥情况下Glomusintraradices、G mosseae、G versiforme3个菌种的苗木在苗高、地径、总干生物量上都与对照表现出差异极显著,与菌根侵染率呈正相关。丛枝菌根能增加苗木对难溶性P肥的吸收和利用,特别是G sinuosa与施过磷酸钙(Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O)在有效成分(P2O5)含量0 06g·kg-1土水平下的组合对苗木有良好的促生效果,生物量积累是对照处理的3 58倍;使用G mosseae或G intraradices与施可溶性P肥磷酸氢二钾(K2HPO4),在有效成分(P2O5)含量0 03g·kg-1土水平下的组合时对苗木的促生效果达到最佳,但随着可溶性P浓度增加,丛枝菌根对苗木生物量的积累却有抑制作用;丛枝菌根同样促进苗木对硝态N和铵态N的吸收、利用,G ver -)含量0 08g·kg-1土水平下和G mosseae、siforme、G intraradices与施硝酸钾(KNO3)在有效成分(NO3 )含量0 08g·kg-1土水平下,对苗木都有良G intraradices与施硫酸铵((NH4)2SO4)在有效成分(NH4好的促生效果,总干生物量是对照处理的2 91、2 56和2 70、2 40倍;试验结果同时也表明,根际营养状况是决定菌根侵染率的重要因素之一。     

盐胁迫对醉马草和高羊茅种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用质量分数分别为0.1％、0.3％、0.5％、0.7％和0.9％的盐溶液处理带内生真菌醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)、不带内生真菌醉马草、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)品种'侠客岛'(Island)和'猎狗6号'(Hound 6)种子,测定发芽率、发芽势、活力指数、苗高、胚根长等指标,并建立相关函数方程确定4份种质材料对NaCl的耐受值,探讨单盐NaCl对4份种质材料种子萌发和幼苗生长的特性,明确种子萌发阶段及幼苗生长阶段对单盐NaCl胁迫的耐受程度并进行综合耐盐性评价.结果表明,与对照组相比,高羊茅品种'侠客岛'和'猎狗6号'的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、苗高、胚根长随着盐浓度的升高而降低,根冠比则与之相反.轻度盐胁迫(0.1％和0.3％)对于两种醉马草种子萌发和幼苗生长等有促进作用(P<0.05).种子萌发阶段的带菌醉马草、不带菌醉马草、'侠客岛'和'猎狗6号'的耐盐适宜浓度分别为0.70％、0.60％、0.37％和0.49％;耐盐半致死浓度分别为0.98％、0.72％、0.46％和0.61％;耐盐极限浓度分别为1.02％、0.91％、0.61％和0.87％.幼苗阶段的带菌醉马草、不带菌醉马草、'侠客岛'和'猎狗6号'的耐盐阈值分别为1.23％、1.01％、0.44％和1.09％.综合耐盐性为带菌醉马草>高羊茅'猎狗6号'>不带菌醉马草>高羊茅'侠客岛'.     

菌根菌生长的营养条件和生理特性研究

通过分析３种菌根菌彩色豆马勃（Ｐｉｓｏｌｉｔｈｕｓｔｉｎｃｔｏｒｉｕｓ）、厚环乳牛肝菌（Ｓｕｉｌｌｕｓｇｒｅｖｉｌｌｅｉ）、血红铆钉菇（Ｇｏｍｐｈｉｄｉｕｓｖｉｓｃｉｄｕｓ）的５个菌株的生长营养条件，确定了合成培养基中适合于４个菌株生长前期、后期的最佳营养条件。最佳营养条件下的菌丝体生长率和菌丝体干重都比其它条件下大大提高。试验还得出了５个菌株产气、产酸、好氧性及产色素等生理学特性，为接种菌上山造林后的栽培管理提供参考。     

毛白杨内生真菌的分离与拮抗菌的筛选

采自保定市不同地点不同部位的毛白杨的新鲜组织,利用常规的内生真菌分离方法,以PDA培养基为分离培养基,从毛白杨根、茎、叶中分离得到14株内生真菌。以杨树腐烂病菌、苹果腐烂病菌、梨黑斑病菌、黑根霉、毛霉、灰霉为供试病原菌种,对14个菌株进行了杀菌活性筛选,发现G01、G02、ZD103等3个菌株对不同的供试病原菌有不同的抗菌活性。对3个菌株采用经典的真菌鉴定方法判断G02与ZD103为Trichodermasp.木霉属,而G01菌株由于其不产孢故不能用上述方法鉴定,暂定为未知属。