食(药)用菌多糖免疫增强作用机制的研究进展

介绍了食(药)用菌多糖的免疫增强作用机制。食(药)用菌多糖主要有杂多糖、甘露聚糖、葡聚糖、糖蛋白和多糖肽，具有活性的食(药)用菌多糖免疫增强作用机制是从免疫器官、免疫细胞和免疫分子各层次上刺激巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞、T细胞、B细胞、NK细胞、LAK细胞和红细胞，增加这些细胞的数量，增强其细胞活性，促使其发挥作用。     

杀中药材蚜虫真菌菌株的筛选

蚜虫是同翅目胸喙亚目的一个重要类群,发生种类多,数量大,繁殖速度快,危害重。药用植物在栽培过程中遭受各种病虫害的危害,目前主要依靠化学农药防治。而过量施用农药,不但使中药材中农药残留超过FAO、WHO或我国规定的允许标准,直接损害人体健康,而且研究表明,某些药用植物施用农药不当,使其有效成分降低,因此,进行中药材无污染新技术的研究,生产无公害、     

霉变板栗病原真菌的分离与致病性测定

从霉变板栗样品中分离出10种真菌，根据其菌落特征及繁殖方式，进行了初步分离和致病性测定，结果表明，青霉菌、曲霉菌、毛霉菌、炭疽菌和疫霉菌的致病力都在80%以上，混合菌感染为100%。     

磷添加和接种菌根菌对马尾松不同家系容器苗的生长及磷素利用效应

目的 研究不同遗传背景马尾松二代家系容器苗在磷添加和接种菌根菌相互作用下的生长及磷吸收利用差异,为马尾松优质容器苗精准培育提供科学依据。 方法 以3个具有不同遗传背景的马尾松二代家系容器苗为材料,在低P（50 g·m−3基质）和高P（900 g·m−3基质）2个小区内,分别设置接种和不接种菌根菌2个处理,分析马尾松不同家系容器苗生长及磷素利用差异。 结果 磷添加对3个家系马尾松容器苗各生长指标及各器官P吸收利用均有促进作用,容器苗苗高、地径、整株干质量、整株P含量和吸收量高P水平较低P水平分别增加8.70%、21.73%、61.62%、30.25%和112.08%,高径比和根冠比降低10.62%和19.82%。接种菌根菌后,容器苗苗高、地径、整株干质量和整株P吸收量相比不接种分别增加2.34%、6.40%、20.69%和18.08%,高径比、根冠比和整株P含量分别降低4.09%、3.87%和3.23%。接种菌根菌可减小马尾松容器苗不同磷添加水平下地径和根冠比的差异,同时减小不同家系间的生长差异。磷添加 × 接种菌根菌对马尾松容器苗茎和根P吸收量有显著促进作用,高P水平下接种菌根菌对生长的促进作用更明显。不同家系对磷添加和菌根处理的生长响应不同,53号家系对磷添加最敏感,15号家系对接种菌根菌最敏感,37号家系较均衡。 结论 马尾松容器苗磷添加效应较家系和菌根处理明显,生产中可根据3个家系对磷肥的不同响应合理施肥,同时通过接种菌根菌提高磷肥利用效率。     

大连海区潮间带海藻附生真菌的抗微生物活性

于2002、2003年从大连黑石礁海区潮间带采到的鼠尾藻Sargassum thunbergii、礁膜Monostroma sp．、石莼Ulua lactuca等10种海藻表面分离得到99株真菌,用7种细菌和3种真菌作指示菌,对分离菌株进行抗菌活性检测,获得拮抗真菌31株,占总测试菌株的31．3％。不同时间、不同海藻拮抗真菌的分离比例差异很大。拮抗真菌的抗细菌比例高于抗真菌比例,且对海洋细菌和陆生细菌均有作用,3株拮抗真菌可抑制对虾黑鳃病病原菌(尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum)。22株拮抗真菌属于青霉属。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ameliorate the chemical properties and enzyme activities of rhizosphere soil in reclaimed mining subsidence in northwestern China

In semi-arid region of northwestern China, underground mining subsidence often results in decreased vegetation coverage, impoverishment of soil fertility and water stress. In addition, the physical-chemical and biological properties of soil also change, resulting in more susceptible to degradation. In particular, subsidence causes disturbance of the symbioses of plant and microbe that can play a beneficial role in the establishment of vegetation communities in degraded ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of revegetation with exotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) inoculum on the chemical and biological properties of soil over time in mining subsidence areas. Soils were sampled at a depth up to 30 cm in the adjacent rhizosphere of Amorpha fruticose Linn. from five reclaimed vegetation communities in northwestern China. In August 2015, a field trial was set up with five historical revegetation experiments established in 2008(7-year), 2011(4-year), 2012(3-year), 2013(2-year) and 2014(1-year), respectively. Each reclamation experiment included two treatments, i.e., revegetation with exotic AMF inoculum(AMF) and non-AMF inoculum(the control). Root mycorrhizal colonization, glomalin-related soil protein(GRSP), soil organic carbon(SOC), soil nutrients, and enzyme activities were also assessed. The results showed that mycorrhizal colonization of inoculated plants increased by 33.3%–163.0% compared to that of non-inoculated plants(P<0.05). Revegetation with exotic AMF inoculum also significantly improved total GRSR(T-GRSP) and easily extracted GRSP(EE-GRSP) concentrations compared to control, besides the T-GRSP in 1-year experiment and the EE-GRSP in 2-year experiment. A significant increase in SOC content was only observed in 7-year AMF reclaimed soils compared to non-AMF reclaimed soils. Soil total N(TN), Olsen phosphorus(P) and available potassium(K) were significantly higher in inoculated soil after 1–7 years of reclamation(except for individual cases), and increased with reclamation time(besides soil Olsen P). The exotic AMF inoculum markedly increased the average soil invertase, catalase, urease and alkaline phosphatase by 23.8%, 21.3%, 18.8% and 8.6%, respectively(P<0.01), compared with the control. Root mycorrhizal colonization was positively correlated with soil parameters(SOC, TN and soil available K) and soil enzyme activities(soil invertase, catalase, urease and alkaline phosphatase) in both AMF and non-AMF reclaimed soils(P<0.05), excluding availableK in non-AMF reclaimed soils. T-GRSP(P<0.01) and EE-GRSP(P<0.05) were significantly correlated with the majority of edaphic factors, except for soil Olsen P. The positive correlation between root mycorrhizal colonization and available K was observed in AMF reclaimed soils, indicating that the AMF reclaimed soil with a high root mycorrhizal colonization could potentially accumulate available K in soils. Our findings concluded that revegetation with exotic AMF inoculum influenced soil nutrient availability and enzyme activities in the semi-arid ecosystem, suggesting that inoculating AMF can be an effective method to improve soil fertility and support restoration of vegetation communities under poor conditions like soil nutrient deficiency and drought.     

浙江省食用菌重金属污染的风险评价

采用ICP-MS法和原子荧光法分别测定了浙江省6种常见食用菌中Mn,Cu,As,Pb,Cd,Cr,Ni和Hg等8种重金属元素含量。6种食用菌中各种重金属的平均含量依次为Mn(1.724mg/kg)>Cu(1.434mg/kg)>As(0.116mg/kg)>Pb(0.085mg/kg)>Cd(0.068mg/kg)>Cr(0.018mg/kg)>Ni(0.010mg/kg)>Hg(0.00 4mg/kg)。Mn,As,Pb,Cr,Ni含量符合正态分布,Cu含量符合对数正态分布,Hg,Cd含量符合右侧正态分布。对照国标总体合格率达94.9%,双孢蘑菇中的As合格率仅为79.2%。采用单因子和内梅罗污染指数法进行评价,6种主要食用菌均属于重金属非污染级别,食用菌质量安全水平较高。     

丛枝菌根真菌对旱稻根际Pb形态分布的影响

为了研究丛枝菌根真菌对旱稻根际土壤中重金属铅(Pb)化学赋存形态的影响,采用盆栽实验的方法,研究了不同Pb处理水平(0,300,600 mg/kg)下,接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF) Glomus mosseae对旱稻(Oryzal Sativa L.)根际Pb形态分布的影响。结果表明,接种处理下,旱稻根系侵染率以及根外菌丝量随着土壤Pb含量增加而显著降低（P<0.05）。与未接种处理相比,接种处理显著提高Pb处理下根际pH;300 mg/kg Pb处理下,接种显著增加土壤球囊霉素含量,600 mg/kg Pb处理下,接种处理显著降低土壤球囊霉素含量（P<0.05）;在Pb处理下,与未接种处理相比,接种处理显著提高可交换态Pb含量,显著降低了碳酸盐结合态以及铁锰氧化物结合态Pb含量,却显著增加了土壤中有机质结合态Pb含量（P<0.05）。这说明接种丛枝菌根真菌可以改变旱稻根际土壤中Pb的形态分布。     

食用菌抗重金属机制研究综述

综述了汞、铅、砷、镉、铜等重金属在食用菌栽培中的富集情况,以及对食用菌生长、抗氧化系统影响的研究现状。食用菌对汞、铅、硒等重金属都表现出了不同程度的富集现象,但是随着重金属浓度增大,对食用菌生长抑制作用增大,从而降低了食用菌对重金属的富集能力。食用菌的抗氧化系统是抵抗重金属胁迫的重要机制,但目前关于这方面的研究较少。     

Morphological features and dietary functional components in fruit bodies of two strains of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pholiota adiposa</Emphasis> grown on artificial beds

 The morphological features and dietary functional components of two strains (FPF-13 and Oninome-B) of Pholiota adiposa (numerisugitake mushroom) grown on artificial bed blocks were examined. The components examined were chitin, mannitol, trehalose, guanosine 5′-monophosphate, ergosterol, and β-glucan. There was a significant difference in the external shape of the two strains. However, the differences in the contents of functional components between the two strains, as well as between the pilei and stipes of the strains, were small. In both strains the trehalose content was much higher than the mannitol content, in contrast to those of Lentinula edodes. From a commercial point of view, Oninome-B has a clear advantage over other strains of P. adiposa owing to its less removable scale. Received: May 15, 2002 / Accepted: June 10, 2002 Acknowledgment The authors thank Dr. F. Eguchi (Takasaki University of Health and Welfare) for his technical advice on the β-glucan analysis. Part of this report was presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 2001 Correspondence to:K. Shimizu