丛枝菌根真菌对鸢尾的促进作用研究

为高效利用水陆两栖植物鸢尾修复污染水体,本研究通过测定不同的丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)与鸢尾构建共生体系的生长指标、土壤理化性质及植物光合作用指标,探讨不同AMF对水生植物鸢尾的促进作用。结果表明:AMF对鸢尾的促进作用主要体现在地上及地下两部分,其中地下部分通过利用其庞大的菌丝网络吸收土壤中的营养物质,进而促进了鸢尾的生长,其中对比无菌剂侵染的空白植物,摩西球囊霉作用的鸢尾对氮元素的吸收率提高71.75%,磷元素的吸收率提高8.36%,而根内球囊霉作用的鸢尾对氮元素的吸收率提高42.55%,磷元素的吸收率提高9.5%;而地上部分则是通过加强叶片气孔导度的开启来调控植物净光合速率与蒸腾速率之间的平衡,进而提高了鸢尾的最优水资源利用率,加快植物的新陈代谢,最终促进植物的生长发育。其中对于鸢尾光合作用的调节摩西球囊霉的促进效果显著好于(P0.05)根内球囊霉。     

碳氮源对复合木质素降解菌木质素降解能力及相关酶活的影响

白腐真菌所具有的降解木质素能力源于其所产生的酶系统,碳源和氮源是其降解木质素和产酶的一个极为重要的影响因素。通过室内小麦秸秆固态发酵试验,研究了不同的碳、氮源对两株侧耳属真菌Tf1（P.pulmonarius）和JG1（P.cornucopiae）产酶活力、木质素降解和粗蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,Lip和MnP是参与复合木质素降解菌Tf1＋JG1降解小麦秸秆重要的木质素降解酶。以葡萄糖为碳源,酒石酸铵为氮源能显著提高复合木质素降解菌对木质素的降解能力,发酵9 d后小麦秸秆的失重率为14.87%,木质素含量为8.68%,木质素降解率为22.95%;粗蛋白含量为7.28%,比未发酵麦秸提高了36.84%（P〈0.05）;Lip和MnP活力分别为629.11 U.g-1和622.22 U.g-1。     

纤维素降解菌对农业有机废弃物发酵进行CO2施肥的作用

采用室内培养和大棚试验相结合,对分离的3种纤维素降解菌在有机废弃物发酵释放CO2中的作用及其对增加大棚CO2浓度的效果进行了研究。结果表明,分离获得的三种菌均能明显促进有机废弃物发酵CO2的释放,其中菌A和菌C的效果优于菌B;3种菌混合接种时效果最佳。在大棚栽培条件下,昼间CO2浓度大部分时间低于300μL/L,处于亏缺状态;采用棚中不接种直接发酵也可大幅提高大棚的CO2浓度,但释放的时间只有9 d左右;采用3种菌混合接种的方法棚内全天维持CO2浓度800μL/L以上的时间可达14 d以上。     

Species composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in two mountain meadows with differing management types and levels of plant biodiversity

Species composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was analysed in two differently managed mountain grasslands in Thuringia (Germany). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were studied in the roots of 18 dominant plant species from a total of 56 (32%). Additionally, spores of AMF were isolated from soil samples. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species composition was analysed based on 96 sequences of the internal transcribed spacer of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, 72 originated from mycorrhizal roots, and 24 originated from AMF spores. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a total of 19 AMF species representing all genera of the Glomeromycota except Scutellospora and Pacispora. Despite a different farming intensity, resulting in remarkable differences concerning their plant species diversity (27 against 43 plant species), the diversity of AMF was found to be similar with 11 species on the intensively farmed meadow and ten species on the extensively farmed one. Nevertheless, species composition between both sites was clearly different. It thus seems likely that the AMF species composition, but not necessarily the species number, is related to above ground plant biodiversity in the system under study.     

肉苁蓉种子带菌检测研究

为研究不同产地肉苁蓉种子携带真菌优势菌群和带菌率的差异,采用平皿法对肉苁蓉种子进行外部（洗涤法和干种子法）、内部（种子消毒法与种仁消毒法）带菌检测。结果表明,肉苁蓉种子携带菌群主要为曲霉属（Aspergillus spp.）、交链孢属（Alternaria spp.）、镰孢属（Fusarium spp.）、青霉属（Penicillium spp.）及少量的散囊菌属（Eurotium spp.）。不同产地肉苁蓉种子携带菌群及带菌率差异不显著,但分离频率有一定差异。研究结果为肉苁蓉种子标准的制定提供参考。     

转双价棉丛枝菌根真菌侵染率与植株养分含量变化的研究

通过灭菌盆栽接种试验,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus caledonium对转双价(Bt+CpTI)棉和常规棉石远321的侵染率和植株养分含量的影响。结果表明,在观测期间,转双价棉与同源常规棉之间根系丛枝菌根真菌侵染率在同一时期均无显著差异,但植株氮、磷养分含量在一些时期明显不同,其变化随棉花品种、生育期不同而不同。转双价棉苗期根系全氮和蕾期、吐絮期地上部全磷以及苗期、蕾期和花铃期根系全磷含量显著高于常规棉(P<0.05),而蕾期地上部全氮和吐絮期根系全氮显著低于常规棉(P<0.05)。聚类分析表明,丛枝菌根真菌侵染率和植株养分含量变化主要受生长时期的影响,转双价棉种植对其影响是非常有限的。     

Glomus-wetland rice mycorrhizas influenced by nursery inoculation techniques under high fertility soil conditions

 We investigated the effect of nursery inoculation techniques on mycorrhizal colonization and sporulation, growth responses, and nutrient (N and P) uptake to determine the suitable nursey inoculation method of wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) under high-fertility soil conditions. Seedlings were produced in dry-nursery (DN, watered to 60% of –0.03 MPa) and wet-nursery (WN, 3–5 cm water from the soil surface) conditions with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (Glomus spp.) inoculation. Soil was γ-ray sterilized before use in this experiment. Mycorrhizal fungal colonization was 56% in DN and 23% in WN plants at 6 weeks of growth. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization was significantly higher in plants of DN origin than in WN plants after transplantation to the pots, irrespective of growing stages. Mycorrhizal colonization was significantly decreased to 28% in DN plants and to 25% in WN plants at harvest. The grain yield was significantly influenced by nursery conditions. N and P acquisition of wetland rice plants inoculated with Glomus spp. was significantly greater than that of non-inoculated plants at maturity, especially in those originating from DN conditions. P translocation from shoots to grain was accelerated by mycorrhizas. Received: 6 April 1997     

丛枝菌根真菌对镉胁迫水稻秧苗生长发育的影响

【目的】探讨丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）对镉胁迫水稻秧苗生长发育的影响,为利用AMF菌根技术减少稻米镉超标提供理论指导。【方法】分别在无镉胁迫和1 mg/kg镉胁迫的水稻育秧土壤中接种摩西斗管囊霉（Funneliformis mosseae,FM）和根内根孢囊霉（Rhizophagus irregularis,RI）,以接种等量高温高压灭菌后的FM+RI菌剂为对照,30 d时测定这2种AMF对水稻秧苗根系的侵染率,并分析其对秧苗株高、生物量、叶绿素含量以及镉含量的影响。【结果】在无镉胁迫的条件下,FM、RI对水稻秧苗根系的侵染率分别为33.4%和24.9%;与对照相比,FM和RI处理秧苗的株高分别增加8.6%和7.6%（P<0.05）,生物量和叶绿素含量无显著性差异。在1 mg/kg镉胁迫的条件下,FM、RI对根系的侵染率分别为25.1%和20.3%;与对照相比,FM和RI处理秧苗的株高分别增加26.5%和21.0%（P<0.05）,生物量分别增加33.1%和18.6%（P<0.05）,叶绿素含量分别增加16.1%和15.2%（P<0.05）,根系镉含量分别增加186.2%和207.7%（P<0.05）,地上部分镉含量分别减少40.2%和36.8%（P<0.05）,镉转运系数均降低80.0%（P<0.05）。【结论】FM和RI能够显著促进镉胁迫水稻秧苗的生长发育,增强根系对镉的固定能力,减少镉从地下部分到地上部分的转运。     

4种菌根真菌对五氯酚耐受性及其生理基础研究

通过纯培养的方法，研究了4种外生菌根真菌——美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis)、褐环乳牛肝菌(Suillus luteus)、丝膜菌、(Cortinarrus russus)和厚环粘盖乳牛肝菌(Suillus grevillei)的生长效应、对五氯酚的耐受性，并采用点试方法对真菌氧化还原酶的产生情况进行了检测。结果表明，4种外生菌根真菌在MM培养基上的生长速率显著高于MMN培养基。4种外生菌根真菌对五氯酚均有一定的耐受性，厚环粘盖乳牛肝菌(Suillus grevillei)耐受性最高，其生长抑制率显著低于其它真菌。酶测试结果表明，厚环粘盖乳牛肝菌是4种真菌中氧化还原酶活性较强且酶种类多样的菌株，它表现出很高的过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和漆酶活性，是一种具有高效降解芳环结构污染物潜力的菌根真菌。4种真菌在生物量和“酸化效应”方面差异较大。厚环粘盖乳牛肝菌(Suillus grevillei)对五氯酚的高耐受性可能与其产酶特性和“酸化效应”有关。     

食用菌育种的研究进展

对食用菌育种目标及单孢分离、组织分离、杂交育种、原生质体融合、理化诱变、空间诱变、分子生物学等育种方法的研究进展进行了综述,认为随着生物学的发展,杂交育种、原生质体融合及分子生物学方法仍然是食用菌育种的发展方向。