食用菌无公害生产七要点

食用菌生产不受时间,地理,环境等因素的限制,原料来源广泛,是一种无污染的健康食品,因此近几年在我县发展势头十分迅速。但是食用菌对农药十分敏感,很多农民不懂如何科学地无公害生产,因此,本文将对这部分农民给予技术指导和帮助。     

Growth and nutrition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) under water deficit as influenced by microbial inoculation via seed coating

Drought can drastically reduce cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] biomass and grain yield. The application of plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can confer resistance to plants and reduce the effects of environmental stresses, including drought. Seed coating is a technique which allows the application of minor amounts of microbial inocula. Main effects of the factors inoculation and water regime showed that: severe or moderate water deficit had a general negative impact on cowpea plants; total biomass production, seed weight and seed yield were enhanced in plants inoculated with P. putida; inoculation of R. irregularis significantly increased nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) shoot concentrations; and R. irregularis enhanced both chlorophyll b and carotenoids contents, particularly under severe water deficit. Plants inoculated with P. putida + R. irregularis had an increase in shoot P concentration of 85% and 57%, under moderate and severe water deficit, respectively. Singly inoculated P. putida improved potassium shoot concentration by 25% under moderate water deficit. Overall, in terms of agricultural productivity the inoculation of P. putida under water deficit might be promising. Seed coating has the potential to be used as a large‐scale delivery system of beneficial microbial inoculants.     

丛枝菌根真菌接种诱导的玉米叶片蛋白鉴定及功能分析

采用比较蛋白质组学方法，研究丛枝菌根真菌接种条件下玉米叶片蛋白表达谱的动态变化。以玉米叶片为实验材料，运用双向凝胶电泳技术(2-DE)对丛枝菌根真菌接种后玉米叶片差异表达蛋白进行分离，并通过质谱技术和搜索NCBInr数据库对差异蛋白进行鉴定。结果显示，接种后玉米叶片中有21个蛋白差异表达，其中有8个蛋白被成功鉴定，这些蛋白包括At4g15770、resistance protein candidate RGC2、transducin protein-like(ISS)、similar to dynamin     

Size matters: What have we learnt from microcosm studies of decomposer fungus–invertebrate interactions?

The ongoing research ‘boom’ in soil ecology has been advanced by a widespread use of laboratory experiments to investigate mechanisms that could not be unravelled with field observations alone. Interactions between soil fungi and invertebrates have received considerable attention due to their trophic and functional importance in belowground systems. Saprotrophic cord-forming basidiomycete fungi are major agents of primary decomposition in woodland ecosystems, where they are also an important source of nutrition for fungal-feeding soil invertebrates. A plethora of microcosm experiments, with their main benefit being that they enable most variables to be kept constant while just a few are manipulated, have provided detailed insights into the ecology of fungus–invertebrate interactions. This review identifies important trends from this body of work (including a meta-analysis of grazing effects on fungal growth and wood decomposition) and explores the extent to which these patterns are supported by the few related experiments conducted in more complex mesocosm and field systems. Grazing in microcosms reduced fungal growth and increased decomposition, but with interaction-specific magnitude, reflecting invertebrate feeding preferences for different fungi. Macro-invertebrates (woodlice and millipedes) had stronger effects than micro- (e.g. nematodes) and meso- (e.g. collembola) invertebrates. This greater grazing pressure generally increased enzyme activities beneath mycelia during interactions in which wood decay was increased. Top-down effects of fungal-feeding can be extrapolated to more complex systems, but only for macro-invertebrates, particularly woodlice. Soil enzyme activity was stimulated, in microcosms and more complex systems, by short-term or low intensity grazing, but reduced when large areas of mycelium were removed by high-intensity grazing. Effects of differential fungal palatability on invertebrate populations are evident in microcosm studies of collembola. These bottom-up effects can be extrapolated more broadly than top-down effects; fungal community dominance determined collembola abundance and diversity, in mesocosms, and woodlouse abundance in the field. Using, as a case study, a series of experiments conducted at a range of scales, mechanisms underlying potential climate change effects on grazing interactions and decomposition are also explored. Biotic effects on decomposer community functioning are heterogeneous, depending on fungal dominance and the density of key macro-invertebrate taxa.     

药用真菌培养工艺分析

介绍了分批培养和连续培养2种药用真菌培养工艺,以期为药用真菌工业化生产提供借鉴。     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Acclimatization of Micropropagated Citrus

Micropropagated plantlets lack mycorrhizal symbionts and therefore present some physiological hindrances when transferred from axenic to ex vitro conditions. The purpose of the present study was to research the effects of Glomus mosseae and G. versiforme on growth, photosynthesis, and nutrient uptake of micropropagated citrus plantlets at the acclimatization stage. The two mycorrhizal fungi successfully colonized the roots of citrus plantlets after an acclimatization period of 170 days, and the mycorrhizal developments were apt to low levels. Inoculation with G. mosseae improved acclimatized growth performance; increased photosynthetic rates, transpiration rates, and stomatal conductance; and stimulated the accumulations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) in leaves and roots compared to the noninoculated treatment. These observations suggested that only G. mosseae was the more efficient fungus, exhibited better adaptation to transplanted conditions, and therefore is appropriate to introduce into the micropropagation protocol of citrus.     

Taxonomy,nomenclature and phylogeny of three cladosporium-like hyphomycetes,Sorocybe resinae,Seifertia azaleae and the Hormoconis anamorph of Amorphotheca resinae

Using morphological characters, cultural characters, large subunit and internal transcribed spacer rDNA (ITS) sequences, and provisions of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, this paper attempts to resolve the taxonomic and nomenclatural confusion surrounding three species of cladosporium-like hyphomycetes. The type specimen of Hormodendrum resinae, the basis for the use of the epithet resinae for the creosote fungus {either as Hormoconis resinae or Cladosporium resinae) represents the mononematous synanamorph of the synnematous, resinicolous fungus Sorocybe resinae. The phylogenetic relationships of the creosote fungus, which is the anamorph of Amorphotheca resinae, are with the family Myxotrichaceae, whereas S. resinae is related to Capronia (Chaetothyriales, Herpotrichiellaceae). Our data support the segregation of Pycnostysanus azaleae, the cause of bud blast of rhododendrons, in the recently described anamorph genus Seifertia, distinct from Sorocybe; this species is related to the Dothideomycetes but its exact phylogenetic placement is uncertain. To formally stabilize the name of the anamorph of the creosote fungus, conservation of Hormodendrum resinae with a new holotype should be considered. The paraphyly of the family Myxotrichaceae with the Amorphothecaceae suggested by ITS sequences should be confirmed with additional genes.     

食用菌制种关键性技术的新探讨

本文对食用菌制种技术进行了系统研究，特别是在没有专门制种设备和特殊无菌的环境条件下，如何培养出健壮的菌种。现已筛选出适合于大多数食用菌生长的良好培养基，并研究出培养基的常压灭菌法和简单易行的菌种分离纯化技术，解决了在农村大量发展食用菌的重大技术难题。     

富贵竹废料培养食用菌试验

利用观赏植物富贵竹(Disporum cantoniense Merr)加工后的废茎、叶作为培养料培养4种食用菌，以棉籽壳培养料为对照。结果表明，测试的4个食用菌品种，其菌丝体均可在富贵竹废料上生长。经分析，洛巴伊口蘑(Tricholoma lobaynsis)在富贵竹废料中的菌丝平均生长速度从快到慢的顺序为CK→废叶→废茎。香菇(Lentinula edodes)从快到慢的顺序为CK→废叶→废茎。姬松茸(Agaricus blazei)的顺序为废茎→废叶→CK。杏孢菇(Pleurotus eryngii)的顺序为CK→废叶→废茎。     

蚯蚓和食用菌废渣对土壤的综合改良作用

将食用菌废渣按不同比例加入土壤中（废菌渣∶土壤分别为0∶5、1∶5、2∶5、3∶5、4∶5和5∶5）,并放入蚯蚓,以此研究食用菌废渣和蚯蚓对土壤改良效果。结果表明,食用菌废渣和蚯蚓在培肥土壤和改善土壤结构中发挥重要作用,土壤中的有机质、全氮和全钾的含量得到增加,土壤团粒结构和容重等理化性质得到良好改变,并且随着废渣比例的增加,改良效果呈上升趋势。