以食用菌种植为纽带的循环农业模式(英文)

[目的]有效利用农业资源特别是对农作物秸秆和畜禽粪便的高效处理和利用。[方法]以山东久发食用菌股份有限公司为例,总结了以食用菌为纽带所建立的循环农业模式,并对该模式带来的经济、生态和社会效益进行了分析。[结果]以食用菌产业为纽带的循环农业模式主要是利用大量农牧业废弃物(麦秸、畜禽粪便等)发展食用菌产业,以培养料的规模生产加工销售为主导,实现村域内资金、技术、原材料、生产对象的最大集约化,吸纳更多的剩余劳动力从事食用菌生产;同时对产生的大量菌渣进行多途径的利用,不仅解决了食用菌生产中大量废弃菌渣的问题,而且进一步延长产业链条,增加从业者的收入,实现农业资源转化增值的最大化。[结论]该模式能充分利用农业生物质资源,减轻农业废弃物的环境污染,显著增加经济、生态和社会效益。     

两种白腐菌降解油菜秸秆效果的研究

研究两种白腐菌N1和N2及三种固体培养料配方(1、2和3)对油菜秸秆纤维性物质(纤维素、半纤维素和木质素)降解率和粗蛋白水平的影响.结果表明,随着发酵时间的延长, N1和N2对油菜秸秆中纤维素、半纤维素及木质素的降解率和粗蛋白含量的提高均有增加的趋势;木质素降解效率N1前20d高于后20d,并一直保持较高水平,说明N1菌株有优先选择降解木质素特性,N1优于N2(P＜0.01);同一菌株,配方1均好于配方2和3(P＜0.01).     

兰科植物菌根研究进展

从兰科植物内生真菌的种类、兰科植物与内生真菌之间的专一性、内生真菌对兰科植物生长的作用等3方面综述了20世纪以来兰科植物菌根菌的研究进展，简要报道了近年在这3方面的研究结果及看法．     

我国的食用菌标准化

从1986到1991年,由中华人民共和国国家技术监督局提出的21项食用菌国家标准化项目,已由上海市农业科学院食用菌研究所和商业部昆明食用菌研究所完成。本文报导制定这些项目的方法和结果。     

食用菌产前、产中、采后无公害生产技术

分析了发展食用菌无公害生产的优势、特点和重要意义。结合实践经验，并吸收国内外相关技术，提出了食用菌产前、产中、采后无公害生产的措施和技术要点。     

蔬菜丛枝菌根真菌研究概况及进展

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)是一类在自然界和农业生态系统中具有重要作用的有益微生物,它与宿主植物形成共生体后,能显著改善宿主植物的营养状况,从而提高作物的产量、品质和抗逆性。本文就蔬菜丛枝菌根真菌的研究历程、种类资源及其对蔬菜作物的生理效应和作用机制进行了简要综述,列举了丛枝菌根真菌在蔬菜生产应用上的部分实例,并对其应用前景进行了分析和展望。     

Effects of Long-term and Short-term Warming on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Community in Alpine Meadow Ecosystem北大核心CSCD

To explore whether the effect of experimental warming on the Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community depends on the duration of treatment, this study measured the response of AM fungal community to long-term (17a) and short-term (3a) warming with Open-top Trade Chambers (OTCs) in alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and inferred the main ecological processes that drive the assemblage of AM community. Results showed that long-term warming reduced the AM fungal species richness by 45.7%, while short-term warming reduced it by 80%. The negative effect of long-term warming on AM fungal species richness was mediated by the decrease in root biomass, while the negative effect of short-term warming was mediated by soil nitrogen limitation. In addition, both long-term and short-term warming not only changed the species and phylogenetic composition of AM fungal community, but also led to the transformation of the ecological process from environmental filtration to the neutralization of habitat filtration and competitive exclusion. Our results suggest that the intensity and mechanism of the effect of warming on AM fungal community depend on the duration of treatment. This illustrates that the addition of exogenous nitrogen to promote the growth of plant roots is an effective method to alleviate the negative effects of climate warming on AM fungal diversity in the alpine meadow ecosystem. © 2019 Authors. All rights reserved.     

Role of Grazing Intensity on Shaping Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Communities in Patagonian Semiarid Steppes

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are vital for maintaining ecosystem structure and functioning and can be affected by complex interactions between plants and herbivores. Information found in the literature about how ungulate grazing affects AMF is in general contradictory but might be caused by differences in grazing intensities (GIs) among studies. Hence we studied how different GIs affect the composition, diversity, and abundance of AMF communities in a semiarid steppe of Patagonia. We predicted that 1) total AMF spore abundance (TSA) and diversity would decrease only under intense-grazing levels and 2) AMF species spore abundance would depend on their life-history strategies and on the GI. To test our predictions, we compared AMF communities among nongrazed (NG), moderately grazed (MG, 0.1–0.3 sheep ha¹), and intensely grazed sites (IG, > 0.3 sheep ha¹). GI was the most important factor driving changes in TSA and diversity, regardless of host plant identity. TSA, diversity, and evenness significantly decreased in IG sites but were not affected by MG. AMF species spore abundance varied depending on their life-history strategies and GI. Families with high growth rates like Glomeraceae and probably Pacisporaceae showed the highest spore abundance in all sites but decreased under IG. Species with higher carbon demands like Gigasporaceae showed low spore abundance and frequency in NG and MG sites and were absent in IG sites. In contrast, species with low growth rates, but efficient carbon usage, like Acaulosporaceae, showed low spore abundance in all sites but increased in IG sites compared with NG or MG sites. We conclude that intensification of grazing reduces AMF diversity and abundance, with the likely loss of AMF benefits for plants, such as improved nutrient and water uptake and soil aggregation. Therefore, sustainable grazing systems should be designed to improve or restore AMF communities, particularly in degraded rangelands, like the Patagonian steppes.     

进境草种种带真菌的检测与初步鉴定

采用平皿测定法对我国北京口岸2014年进境草种高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)、多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense)携带真菌进行分离培养,利用ITS4和ITS5引物对其内转录间隔区(Internal Transcribed Spacer,ITS)进行扩增,PCR产物纯化后测序并与数据库中的已知序列进行BLAST比对,对种带真菌进行初步鉴定。研究结果表明,不同来源种子携带真菌种类差异较大,从5个国家的7个进境草种批次中共检测出13属21种48株真菌,主要菌群为镰刀菌属(Fusarium spp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillus spp.)、茎点霉属(Phoma spp.)和链格孢属(Alternaria spp.)。基于ITS序列构建系统发育树,能够将所有分离到的真菌鉴定到属,但是在种水平上鉴定有限,不能将细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima)、细交链孢(A.alternata)和乔木链格孢(A.arborescens)很好地区分开。本研究明确了5个来样量较大国家的草种带菌情况,ITS基因能够运用于口岸草种携带真菌的初步检测鉴定。     

微生物杀虫剂联合施用对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的防治效果

为提高微生物杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的防治效果,利用球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana IPPB343、IPPB1237与金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae IPPM330189三种昆虫病原真菌,斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（Spodoptera litura nuclear polyhedrosis viruses,SLNPV）、甘蓝夜蛾核型多角体病毒（Mamestra brassicae nuclear polyhedrosis viruses,MBNPV）2种昆虫病毒和短稳杆菌Empedobacter brevis昆虫病原细菌,设置9种联合施用药剂组合,评价6种微生物杀虫剂单独使用以及不同药剂联合施用组合对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的毒力以及田间防治效果。结果表明,与6种微生物杀虫剂单独使用相比,9种联合施用组合均能提升微生物杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾的毒力水平与田间防治效果。施药后7 d时,金龟子绿僵菌IPPM330189+MBNPV药剂组合的防治效果最好且增效最明显,对草地贪夜蛾的田间防治效果达到88.75%,协同毒力指数为23.78。此外,金龟子绿僵菌IPPM330189+短稳杆菌悬浮剂药剂组合施药后7 d对草地贪夜蛾的田间防治效果达到87.45%,协同毒力指数也可达到21.72。表明微生物杀虫剂联合施用可显著提升其对草地贪夜蛾的防治效果。