黑龙江省部分稻区稻瘟病菌对多菌灵的敏感性测定

采用生长速率法测定采自黑龙江省部分稻区的稻瘟病菌菌株对多菌灵的敏感性。试验结果表明,供试稻瘟病菌菌株抑制中浓度(EC50)大多数分布在200～300mg/kg之间,最高为405mg/kg,最低为158mg/kg,其EC50值相差2倍以上,说明供试稻瘟病菌对多菌灵的敏感性均较差,且供试菌株对多菌灵已产生不同程度的敏感性差异。     

Glomus-wetland rice mycorrhizas influenced by nursery inoculation techniques under high fertility soil conditions

 We investigated the effect of nursery inoculation techniques on mycorrhizal colonization and sporulation, growth responses, and nutrient (N and P) uptake to determine the suitable nursey inoculation method of wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) under high-fertility soil conditions. Seedlings were produced in dry-nursery (DN, watered to 60% of –0.03 MPa) and wet-nursery (WN, 3–5 cm water from the soil surface) conditions with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (Glomus spp.) inoculation. Soil was γ-ray sterilized before use in this experiment. Mycorrhizal fungal colonization was 56% in DN and 23% in WN plants at 6 weeks of growth. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization was significantly higher in plants of DN origin than in WN plants after transplantation to the pots, irrespective of growing stages. Mycorrhizal colonization was significantly decreased to 28% in DN plants and to 25% in WN plants at harvest. The grain yield was significantly influenced by nursery conditions. N and P acquisition of wetland rice plants inoculated with Glomus spp. was significantly greater than that of non-inoculated plants at maturity, especially in those originating from DN conditions. P translocation from shoots to grain was accelerated by mycorrhizas. Received: 6 April 1997     

Species composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in two mountain meadows with differing management types and levels of plant biodiversity

Species composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was analysed in two differently managed mountain grasslands in Thuringia (Germany). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were studied in the roots of 18 dominant plant species from a total of 56 (32%). Additionally, spores of AMF were isolated from soil samples. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species composition was analysed based on 96 sequences of the internal transcribed spacer of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, 72 originated from mycorrhizal roots, and 24 originated from AMF spores. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a total of 19 AMF species representing all genera of the Glomeromycota except Scutellospora and Pacispora. Despite a different farming intensity, resulting in remarkable differences concerning their plant species diversity (27 against 43 plant species), the diversity of AMF was found to be similar with 11 species on the intensively farmed meadow and ten species on the extensively farmed one. Nevertheless, species composition between both sites was clearly different. It thus seems likely that the AMF species composition, but not necessarily the species number, is related to above ground plant biodiversity in the system under study.     

纤维素降解菌对农业有机废弃物发酵进行CO2施肥的作用

采用室内培养和大棚试验相结合,对分离的3种纤维素降解菌在有机废弃物发酵释放CO2中的作用及其对增加大棚CO2浓度的效果进行了研究。结果表明,分离获得的三种菌均能明显促进有机废弃物发酵CO2的释放,其中菌A和菌C的效果优于菌B;3种菌混合接种时效果最佳。在大棚栽培条件下,昼间CO2浓度大部分时间低于300μL/L,处于亏缺状态;采用棚中不接种直接发酵也可大幅提高大棚的CO2浓度,但释放的时间只有9 d左右;采用3种菌混合接种的方法棚内全天维持CO2浓度800μL/L以上的时间可达14 d以上。     

陕西省武功县葛藤根区AM真菌初步调查

通过对陕西省武功县3个葛藤品种根区AM真菌的调查,初步探明了葛藤根区AM真菌资源,为AM真菌在葛藤上的应用提供理论依据。结果表明:AM真菌能与葛藤形成良好的共生关系,不同品种葛藤具有不同的AM真菌生长特性,其定殖率也不相同。总定殖率、泡囊、菌丝定殖率在品种间为:菜葛>粉葛>药葛;丛枝定殖率在品种间为粉葛>药葛>菜葛;孢子密度在品种间为:药葛>粉葛>菜葛。葛藤根区AM真菌资源丰富,土样中AM真菌多为球囊霉属(Glomus),也有少数无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)和盾巨囊霉属(Scutellospora)的种类。已鉴定出AM真菌20种,其中球囊霉属13种,无梗囊霉属6种,盾巨囊霉属1种。     

海洋青霉(Penicilliumsp.)FS010441的形态学观察和产纤维素酶性质初步研究

对从黄海深海海底泥样中分离到的产纤维素酶活力较高的丝状真菌Penicilliumsp FS010441及其产酶条件和酶学性质进行了初步研究。该菌最适生长温度为15℃,最高生长温度为37℃,在4℃下可以生长,属于适冷菌。该菌所产纤维素酶的最适反应pH值为4 2,最适反应温度为50℃,在40～55℃之间有很强的酶活力。     

东北白桦变色菌的分离方法

针对白桦木材易变色的特点,探讨了东北白桦变色菌的分离方法。结果表明：分离变色茵时采用80%的酒精液作为表面消毒剂比采用0．1%的升汞液更为适宜；采用PDA作为分离培养基较为适宜。     

食用菌专用杀虫剂——菇净的药效及其安全性

中国是世界上最大的食用菌生产国和出口国,也是最大的消费国。食用菌系中国农业的第六大产业,年产量达1·2×107t以上[1],并且其生产量和消费量还在不断增长,联合国粮农组织建议人类膳食应是一荤一素一菇,照此比例中国的食用菌还应有10倍以上的增长量,因此食用菌的发展前景非常广阔,但是食用菌属于异养型生物,需要丰富的有机物作为培养基质,这些基质中滋生着的多种有害生物对食用菌的危害性较大,同时食用菌菌丝和子实体的气味还能吸引多种昆虫来摄食和繁殖,常造成菇体斑点、空洞、缺刻等,使其失去了原有的商品性,甚至导致减产和绝收。在江苏…     

丛枝菌根真菌和糖醇螯合钙对草莓采后果实硬度和细胞壁酶活及其关键基因表达的影响

以盆栽‘红颜’草莓为试材,研究了摩西管柄囊霉（Funneliformis mosseae）和糖醇螯合钙不同浓度（0.10%、0.15%、0.20%）处理对草莓采后果实硬度和细胞壁酶活的变化,同时,初步探究了不同处理对草莓果实软化关键基因FaPG1、FaβGal4的表达水平的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,以糖醇螯合钙单独施用（0.15%和0.20%）、接种丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF）配施糖醇螯合钙均能显著提高草莓果实硬度。同时,不同处理均抑制多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）、果胶甲酯酶（PME）、β-半乳糖苷酶（β-Gal）活性的上升,草莓果实软化关键基因FaPG1和FaβGal4在处理后均下调表达。在接种AMF条件下,随着糖醇螯合钙浓度的增加,果实硬度逐渐增强,其中以接种AMF联合施用0.20%糖醇螯合钙溶液效果最好。     

不同pH条件下接种菌根真菌对柑橘砧木苗生长及光合效应的影响

本文以枳橙（Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck譸oncirus trifoliate (L.)）为试验材料,利用盆栽试验,研究不同pH条件下接种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza)真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)对柑橘砧木枳橙苗的生长及植株光合效应的影响。试验选定3个pH范围（pH 5.5~6.5, 6.5~7.5, 7.5~8.5）和接种摩西球囊霉为试验因子,共设6个处理组合,以不同pH条件下未接种摩西球囊霉为对照。采用单株小区,随机区组排列,重复10次。结果表明,接种摩西球囊霉能有效地侵染枳橙植株,菌根侵染率65%以上。试验还发现,处理植株的菌根侵染率和株高、生物量干重均显著高于对照植株,同时,接种AM真菌显著增加了植株叶片叶绿素含量,并显著提高处理植株光合作用速率和蒸腾速率。研究结果表明,接种AM真菌增强了宿主植物对土壤酸碱度的适应性,在酸性和碱性土壤上均能显著提高柑橘的光合效应。