Mites of the genus Carabodes (Acari,Oribatida) in Norwegian coniferous forests: occurrence in different soils,vegetation types and polypore hosts

Oribatid mites (Acari) represent a considerable part of the biodiversity in Fennoscandian forests, but our knowledge about their habitat requirements is limited. We studied 10 Carabodes species in the forest floor of seven coniferous forest types, and in dead fruiting bodies (sporocarps) of 6 species of wood-living polypore fungi in southern Norway. The most common Carabodes species in soil were rare in sporocarps, and vice versa. The density of several ground-living species was significantly influenced by vegetation type and soil type. Carabodes willmanni and C. subarcticus were considered as lichen feeders on the ground, and occurred abundantly in Cladonia-rich pine forests. Three species, C. femoralis, C. areolatus and C. reticulatus, seem to be sporocarp specialists. Their relative numbers were rather similar in dead sporocarps of five different fungal species, including annual and perennial sporocarps, soft and hard. This was in contrast to beetles from the same sporocarps, which in a previous study proved to be strongly host-specific. Although being tolerant to different fungal species, the association of certain Carabodes species to dead sporocarps could make them vulnerable in forests with little dead wood and few sporocarps.     

巴塘竹巴笼自然保护区大型真菌调查初报

巴塘竹巴笼自然保护区是四川省的省级自然保护区，具有典型的干热河谷景观。此次报道了巴塘竹巴笼自然保护区部分地区大型真菌的初步调查结果，采用目前国内外普遍使用的Ainsworth（1973）的分类系统进行分类。采集到的这些真菌属于隶2个亚门，5纲，9目，26科，47属，91种；其中食用菌64种（不包括有人食用安然无恙，有人食用中毒的菌类）、毒菌14种（包括有人食用中毒的菌类）。药用菌6种（包括药用菌和抗癌菌，其中不包括兼有药用功效的菌类）、木腐菌14种、菌根菌36种、其他7种（包括不明成分和用途的一些种类）。巴塘竹巴笼自然保护区动植物资源比较丰富，有益的食用菌、药用菌及菌根真菌种类相对较多，菌物资源的开发与利用潜力较大。     

香格里拉亚高山两种植被类型主要植物的丛枝菌根研究

以滇西北香格里拉亚高山地区生态严重退化的荒草坡植被类型和基本实现恢复的近原生林地植被类型中主要植物的丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)作为研究对象,对这些植物根系的AMF感染率及其根际土壤中的AMF孢子密度进行了调查研究。结果表明,荒草坡的10种植物和近原生林地的9种植物,均形成典型的丛枝菌根(AM)。荒草坡和近原生林植物根际土壤中的平均孢子密度分别为674±221(SE)个/100g土和290±72个/100g土。单因素方差分析表明,两植被类型的主要植物在根系AMF菌丝感染率以及根际土壤中AMF孢子密度方面的差异都极显著。同种植物在近原生林地具有较高的AMF感染率,而根际土壤中的孢子密度则是在荒草坡为高。相关性分析表明,所调查植物的根系AMF菌丝感染率与根际土壤中的AMF孢子密度间不存在相关性。     

Non-mycorrhizal fungal endophytes in two orchids of Kaiga forest (Western Ghats), India

We used standard isolation protocols to explore the endophytic fungal communities in three tissue types of two dominant orchids (Bulbophyllum neilgherrense and Vanda testacea) of the Kaiga forest ofthe Western Ghats. We surface sterilized and assessed 90 segments ofeach orchid for the occurrence and diversity of endophytic fungal taxa.The 118 fungal isolates were obtained from root, bulb and leaves of B.neilgherrense, consisting of 17 anamorphic taxa (range, 10 15 taxa) with 1.3 fungal taxa per segment (range, 1.2 1.4 taxa). Four taxa (Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Penicillium sp. and morpho sp. 1) belonged to the coregroup (11.1% 32.2%). The relative abundance of A. flavus and morpho sp.1 was more than 10%. A total of 130 fungal isolates from roots, stems and leaves of V. testacea yielded 20 anamorphic taxa (range, 11 15 taxa)with 1.4 fungal taxa per segment (range, 1.4 1.5 taxa). Aspergillus flavus,A. niger, A. ochraceus, Gliocladium viride, Penicillium sp. and morphosp. 1 belonged to the core group. Relative abundance exceeded 10% for A. flavus, A. niger, and morpho sp. 1. The Simpson and Shannon diversity indices were higher in leaf than root or bulb/stem of both orchids.Jaccard’s similarity coefficient was higher between root and leaf in both orchids (56.3% 60%) than between other pairs. Our study revealed thatthe endophytic fungal assemblage and diversity of B. neilgherrense and V.testacea of Kaiga forest of the Western Ghats were relatively similar between orchids and their tissues.     

内蒙古中西部分布的林木、花卉病原真菌多样性初步研究

2006-2009年从内蒙古中西部林木、花卉病害部位分离鉴定出链格孢属Alternaria 19种,分别寄生在39种植物上;黑腐皮壳属Valsa 2种,寄生在5种林木上;茎点霉属Phoma 1种,寄生在3种林木上;大茎点霉属Macrophoma 1种,寄生在1种林木上;叶点霉属Phyllosticta 6种,寄生在6种林木上;丝核菌属Rhizoctonia 1种分别寄生在5种林木上。     

论攀西地区野生经济真菌生态习性及其与林业建设的关系

四川省攀西地区自然条件优越，植被类型多样，林地资源充足，茵物资源丰富，有着发展经济真菌的优越条件，特别是近年来的林业工程建设为野生经济真菌的生产提供了基本物质基础，为其扩大生产创造了条件。文章列出了该地区常见的有重要经济价值的食药用真菌（分别归入22科、36属）及其生态习性，指出在林业工程建设中应对经济真菌生产给予足够的重视，并提出了相应的策略。     

昆虫病原真菌对荔枝蝽的致病性

采用1 0×107conidia·ml-1孢子悬浮液浸染方法,从白僵菌和绿僵菌的10个菌中筛选出1株杀虫活性较高的僵菌Ma01菌株,它对荔枝蝽成虫的感染致死率达73 3%。同时野外杀虫活性试验表明,利用2 0×108conidia·ml-1也取得了明显的杀虫效果。     

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Abstract

The effect of soaking on germination and occurrence of fungal infections on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seeds and germinants was studied in three commercial seed lots. Treatments in which seeds were soaked in water for 24 h or in which the water was changed during the soak did not have an effect on the species diversity or on the abundance of the fungi isolated from the seeds. Different fungi were found in different seed lots. Most of those isolated are saprophytic or weakly pathogenic, but pathogens such as Sirococcus conigenus (D.C.) P.F. Cannon &; Minter and Trichothecium roseum (Pers.) Link were also isolated. Soaking increased germination energy but had no effect on final germination percentage. The number of mouldy seeds and germinants with disease symptoms was different among seed lots when seeds were germinated on water agar. When germinated in low humified Sphagnum peat, no differences in the emergence of disease symptoms were observed among seed lots. The frequency of disease was lower in peat than in water agar. Soaking had no effect on disease emergence in germination trials on either water agar or in Sphagnum peat.     

Fungal inoculation induces agarwood in young Aquilaria malaccensis trees in the nursery

Fungi are often used to induce agarwood inAquilariatrees. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of several fungi on agarwood formation over time in youngAquilaria malaccensis （Lam.） trees. Typical changes in the length and light intensity of the resulting discoloration were observed after three and six month periods following inoculation. Wood samples were observed microscopically and classified into several light intensity groups. The discoloration length was meas-ured longitudinally. The duration after inoculation affected the mean of discoloration length： the 6-month old sample （1.70 cm） had a wider discoloration zone when compared to the 3-month old sample （1.17 cm）. When measuring the discoloration intensity, a positive relationship with time was perceived. Digital images, captured using a camera-equipped microscope, revealed that wood samples collected after six months appeared to be 1.8-times darker than after three months. We concluded that time, not the species of any of the tested fungi, had significant effect on discoloration length and intensity. Gas chromatography/mass spec-trometry （GCMS） analysis of the 6-month old sample yielded some important agarwood compounds such as benzylacetone, anisylacetone, guaiene and palustrol. This demonstrates that the tested fungi have the ability to induce agarwood formation in nurseryA. malaccensis trees.     

Changes of decay and termite durabilities of Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) wood due to high-temperature kiln drying processes

We investigated the effects of high-temperature drying schedules (120°–130°C) on decay and termite feeding of Japanese larch timbers. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted to investigate changes of the wood components. Decay and termite feeding tests showed that specimens dried under high-temperature schedules were susceptible against a decaying fungus Fomitopsis palustris and attacks from termites Coptotermes formosanus and Reticulitermes speratus. These drying schedules changed chemical components, which were suggested by the thermal analytical result compared to the control sample. The results of this study indicated that the acceleration of termite feeding takes place even under temperatures that are comparatively lower than that used in our previous research in which 170°C steaming treatment was applied to Japanese larch wood. Decay durability against a brown rot fungus also decreased, possibly from production of low molecular weight fragments when hemicellulose decreased during the high-temperature drying processes.