四川白三叶根瘤菌遗传多样性及系统发育研究

为阐明四川部分地区野生白三叶根瘤菌的遗传多样性及系统发育地位,对分离自四川雅安、康定、泸定、西昌、成都和乐山6个地区白三叶根瘤的69株菌进行系统研究。采用16S rDNA限制性片段长度多态性分析(restriction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP)和16S rDNA基因、持家基因(recA、atpD、glnII)、结瘤基因(nodC)、固氮基因(nifH)系统发育分析的方法进行了研究。结果表明,16S rDNA PCR-RFLP中所有供试菌株产生了4种酶切图谱类型,表现出较为丰富的遗传多样性。持家基因与16S rDNA基因系统发育分析结果基本一致,9株代表菌株主要分布在α-变形菌纲(Alpha-Proteobacteria)的根瘤菌属(Rhizobium),并与豌豆根瘤菌三叶草生物型(R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii) ATCC 14480^T的亲缘关系较近。PCR可扩增出nodC和nifH基因片段,但从属于土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium)的菌株LS1105中则扩增不出这两个基因。所有供试菌株被鉴定到了种的水平,证实了68株为白三叶根瘤菌,并通过不同采样地点菌株之间的比较,发现白三叶与根瘤菌的共生关系因地理分布不同而具有多样性,对于丰富白三叶根瘤菌资源及其开发利用具有重要意义。     

半滑舌鳎腹水症病原的分离鉴定

从患病半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)内脏及腹水中分离到优势菌株8301,回归感染试验证实菌株8301对半滑舌鳎具有致病性;采用形态学观察、生化特性分析、16S rDNA基因序列分析等方法对所分离菌株进行鉴定。结果表明,菌株8301为革兰氏阳性球菌,生化特性与海豚链球菌(Streptococcus iniae)较为接近,以16S rDNA基因为遗传标记构建系统发育树将菌株8301与海豚链球菌聚为一支,置信度为96%。结果判定引起此次半滑舌鳎腹水病的病原菌为海豚链球菌。对24种抗菌药物敏感性分析试验证实菌株8301对制霉菌素、利福平、青霉素、阿奇霉素等敏感,对罗红霉素、呋喃唑酮等具有抗性。     

石蝉草内生细菌多样性及其特征

采用菌落表征性状统计和16SrRNA基因序列分析法,对石蝉草根、茎、叶内生细菌的数量分布、群落组成和遗传多样性进行初步研究。从各组织器官中分离出内生细菌383株,通过菌落表征性状,以类平均连锁聚类法进行聚类分析,在欧氏距离为0的水平上可聚为19个亚群。多样性分析结果表明,19个亚群隶属于8属13种;其数量表现为叶根茎,多样性表现为茎叶根,其中鞘氨醇单胞菌属Sphingomonas和寡养单胞菌属Stenotrophomonas为石蝉草内生细菌的优势属。     

新疆饲料乳酸菌的多样性与系统进化分析

[目的]对新疆吐鲁番地区常用饲料样品(玉米、苜蓿、小麦)的乳酸菌资源进行初步调查及多样性分析。[方法]利用平板分离法分离3种饲料原料中的乳酸菌,再以MRS+CaCO3固体培养基进行筛选。对所分离得到的80株乳酸菌进行形态学观察、生理生化检测生理生化和16S rDNA基因序列鉴定可知8,0株乳酸菌分属于2个属,即乳杆菌属、肠球菌属;7个种,即干酪乳杆菌(lactobacillus casei)、鼠李糖乳杆菌(lactobacillus rhamnosus)、副干酪乳杆菌(lactobacillus paracasei)、肠道球菌(Entercoccus faecium)、耐久肠球菌(Entercoccus durans)、植物乳杆菌(lactobacillus plantarum)、海氏肠球菌(Entercoccus hirae)。3种饲料原料中干酪乳杆菌和肠道球菌普遍存在。除了这2种乳酸菌外,小麦中还有鼠李糖乳杆菌、副干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌。苜蓿内有植物乳杆菌、副干酪乳杆菌、海氏肠球菌、耐久肠球菌。玉米内有植物乳杆菌、耐久肠球菌。[结论]新疆吐鲁番地区不同饲料中乳酸菌存在较大的多样性,干酪乳杆菌、肠道球菌等乳酸菌为饲料发酵的关键菌群,该试验结果为饲料乳酸菌资源开发及饲料乳酸菌应用提供了一定的理论基础。     

养殖刺参溃疡病病原菌RH2的鉴定及其生物学特性分析

从患溃疡病养殖刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)病灶处分离出3株优势菌(RH1、RH2、RH3),以浸浴、体腔注射、体壁肌肉注射等方式进行感染实验,证实菌株RH2为养殖刺参溃疡病的病原菌,其对刺参的LD50(半数致死量)每尾为5.68×106CFU,并证实浸浴、体腔注射的方式无法感染刺参,该菌可能通过体表创伤侵入的方式感染刺参。经形态学观察、生理生化特性分析、16SrRNA和HSP60基因测序确定菌株RH2为溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)。基于16S rRNA基因构建的系统发育树显示,菌株RH2与溶藻弧菌(AF513447)亲缘关系最近,置信度为50%;HSP60基因序列分析表明RH2与溶藻弧菌(AY332570、AF230931)聚为一个分支,且置信度高达99%。菌株RH2的最适生长盐度为25~35,最适生长pH为7.2~8.0,最适生长温度为14~22℃。对18种药物的敏感实验证实菌株RH2对诺氟沙星、复方新诺明、壮观霉素等较为敏感。     

Soybean meal alters autochthonous microbial populations, microvilli morphology and compromises intestinal enterocyte integrity of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Rainbow trout were fed either a diet containing fishmeal (FM) as the crude protein source or a diet containing 50% replacement with soybean meal (SBM) for 16 weeks. An enteritis-like effect was observed in the SBM group; villi, enterocytes and microvilli were noticeably damaged compared with the FM group. The posterior intestine microvilli of SBM-fed fish were significantly shorter and the anterior intestine microvilli significantly less dense than the FM-fed fish. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of autochthonous bacterial populations associated with microvilli of both fish groups. Reduced density of microvilli consequently led to increased exposure of enterocyte tight junctions, which combined with necrotic enterocytes is likely to diminish the protective barrier of the intestinal epithelium. No significant differences in total viable counts of culturable microbial populations were found between the groups in any of the intestinal regions. A total of 1500 isolates were tentatively placed into groups or genera, according to standard methods. Subsequent partial 16S rRNA sequencing revealed species that have not been identified from the rainbow trout intestine previously. Compared with the FM group levels of Psychrobacter spp. and yeast were considerably higher in the SBM group; a reduction of Aeromonas spp. was also observed.     

Characterization of ileal bacterial microbiota in newly-weaned pigs in response to feeding lincomycin, organic acids or herbal extract

The changes of ileal bacterial microbiota in pigs during the first 2 weeks post-weaning in response to feeding lincomycin, organic acids or herbal extract were characterized using 16S rRNA gene-based PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiling, DNA sequencing, and real-time PCR (QPCR) techniques. Both time post-weaning and the dietary treatments resulted in a shift of the microbiota composition. While time post-weaning mostly influenced Clostridium group, the feed additives increased the population of Lactobacillus and related lactic acid bacteria by ≥ 3-fold.     

新疆野苹果小吉丁虫防治试验

采用林间试验,在苹果小吉丁虫幼虫期对受害野苹果树进行不同施药方式和施药浓度的组合处理,探究16%虫线清乳油对野苹果小吉丁虫化学防治效果。试验结果表明,采用打孔注药和输液法施药方式在30 d后校正防效均达到90%以上;采用输液法及施药浓度为1倍稀释时,在整个防治期内校正防效均高于其它处理。对返青率进行比较分析时发现,对于野苹果树生长,最适合的施药浓度为2倍稀释。因此,在虫害防治前期采用1倍稀释浓度、防治后期采用2倍稀释浓度进行施药防治的效果较好。     

Characterization of the goldfish fecal microflora by the fluorescent in situ hybridization method

ABSTRACT:   Bacterial populations in goldfish feces were characterized by the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) method. A total of nine different group-specific rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes were used. Approximately half of the microbial cells (57.8 ± 16.7%) were detected with a probe EUB338 and found to be bacteria. The microbial cells in 33–35 of the 35 samples from five specimens strongly hybridized with probes ALF1b, BET42a and GAM42a, suggesting that goldfish intestinal bacteria are mainly composed of α, β and γ-subclasses of Proteobacteria. The fact that a probe AER66 reacted with 25.6 ± 14.2% of the total microbial cells in all 35 samples, demonstrated that genus Aeromonas was the dominant species in the goldfish intestines. Genus Bacteroides including Bacteroides type A detected with a probe BAC303 was observed in 15 of 35 samples while other taxonomic groups determined with HGC69a, CF39a and P72 were detected in 6–11 of 35 samples. These results strongly suggest that Bacteroides shows the greatest daily fluctuation and interindividual variation in the intestines of goldfish. Moreover, the FISH method was proven to be useful for rapid enumeration of taxonomic groups of fish intestinal bacteria.     

斜带石斑鱼病原菌(哈维氏弧菌)的分离与鉴定

从患病斜带石斑鱼 (Epinepheluscoioides)肝脏组织分离到EcGY0 2 0 4 0 1菌株 ,经人工感染、回归感染实验证实为致病菌。通过API系统和菌体常规形态特征、培养特性和生理生化反应指标测定以及 16SrRNA测序分析等综合鉴定 ,Ec GY0 2 0 4 0 1菌株为弧菌属哈维氏弧菌 (Vibrioharveyi) ,其半致死剂量LD50 为 2 .7× 10 6CFU/g鱼体重。药敏试验结果表明 ,EcGY0 2 0 4 0 1菌株对利福平、四环素、喹诺酮类及头孢曲松等抗生素较为敏感